module 7 urinary Flashcards
1
Q
- A relatively rare anomaly that demonstrates as the absence of the kidney on one side (unilateral)
- Accompanied with an unusually large kidney on the other side
- The left kidney is more frequently missing and it is more common among males
A
RENAL AGENESIS
2
Q
- The absence of both kidneys is termed____ and is more common in males and is incompatible with life
A
Potter syndrome or bilateral agenesis
3
Q
- Also relatively rare and consists of the presence of a third small, rudimentary kidney.
- It has no parenchymal attachment to a kidney and it often becomes symptomatic as a result of an infection.
A
SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEY
4
Q
- A rare anomaly of kidney size involving a kidney that is developed less than normal.
- usually associated with hyperplasia of the other kidney (an overdeveloped kidney that is often associated with renal agenesis or hypoplasia of the other kidney)
A
HYPOPLASIA
5
Q
a condition in which the lower poles of the kidneys are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, causing a rotation on one or both side
A
horseshoe kidney
6
Q
- one kidney lies across the midline and is fused with the other kidney
- generally lies inferior to the uncrossed one, and its ureter crosses the midline to enter the bladder on the proper side
A
CROSSED ECTOPY
7
Q
- consist of incomplete or excessive rotation of the kidney as they ascend from the pelvis in utero.
A
MALROTATION
8
Q
- one that is out of its normal position, usuallY lower than normal. Such kidneys are often in a pelvic
or sacral location
A
ECTOPIC KIDNEY
9
Q
- these are frequent and they can be unilateral or bilateral and they have a tendency to be asymmetric
- this condition impairs renal drainage, predisposing the patient to infection, and formation of calculi
A
DOUBLE RENAL PELVIS AND DOUBLE URETER
10
Q
- cyst-like dilatations of a ureter near its opening into the bladder and usually result from congenital stenosis of the ureteral orifice
- radiographically, presents a filling defect in the bladder with a characteristic “cobra head” appearance
A
URETEROCELES
11
Q
- a congenital anomaly representing a dilated, branched ureteric remnant and is best demonstrated by retrograde urography
A
URETERAL DIVERTICULA
12
Q
- sac or pouch that occurs in the bladder walls
- may occur as a congenital anomaly or be caused by chronic bladder obstruction and resultant infection occurring in middle-aged men
A
BLADDER DIVERTICULA
13
Q
- mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra as a congenital condition
- such valves occur in males and are usually discovered during infancy and early childhood
A
URETHRAL VALVES
14
Q
- innumerable tiny cysts within the nephron unit are present at birth and may be discovered with in utero ultrasonography
- a rare condition causing childhood cystic disease and ultimately resulting in childhood renal failure
A
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
15
Q
- A bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis
- Common among women than men due to their increases incidence of reflux from the bladder.
- Acute condition occurs to pregnant women due to increase size of the uterus that compresses the ureter and decreases urine clearance of bacteria
A
PYELONEPHRITIS
16
Q
presence of pus created by the dumping of pus from abscesses formed in the kidneys into the collecting tubules
A
pyuria
17
Q
morbid infection of kidneys, with characteristic gas formation within or around the kidneys.
A
EMPHYSEMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
18
Q
- An antigen antibody reaction in the glomeruli causing inflammation of the renal parenchyma
- occurs following a streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract or middle ear
- Radiographically, the kidneys appear larger because of edematous accumulation.
- Treatment involves diuretic therapy to lessen edema, antibiotic therapy, bed rest and in severe cases renal dialysis
A
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
19
Q
involves an inflammation of the glomeruli
A
Glomerulonephritis
20
Q
- Inflammation of the bladder, fairly common infection caused by a bacteria
- Prevalent among women because of shorter urethra that permits easier access of bacteria into the bladder
A
CYSTITIS
21
Q
backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the ureters
A
VESICOURETERAL REFLUX
22
Q
- Renal Calculi are stones that develop from urine and precipitate crystalline materials, especially calcium and its salts
- Males develop calculi more than females after the age of 30 and these are made of pure uric acid
- Most stones are formed in the calyces or renal pelvis
A
URINARY SYSTEM CALCIFICATIONS
23
Q
a large calculus that assumes
the shape of the pelvicalyceal junction
A
STAGHORN CALCULUS
24
Q
Movement of stones or acute obstruction result in severe, agonizing pain known as
A
RENAL COLIC
25
* intimal thickening of predominantly the small vessels of the kidney
* Occur as part of the normal aging process as well as in younger patients in association with hypertension and diabetes
* Treatment consists of managing the associated hypertension , administration of diuretic agents and proper dietary restrictions
NEPHROSCLEROSIS
26
* Disturbances of calcium metabolism (e.g. hyperparathyroidism) that results in such condition characterized by tiny deposits of calcium dispersed throughout the renal parenchyma
NEPHROCALCINOSIS
27
* represents the end result of a chronic process that gradually results in lost kidney function
* Patients that are affected experiences moderate anemia, hypertension, heart dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure and problems related to a severe imbalance of electrolytes and acid base balance
RENAL FAILURE
28
is a characteristic of renal failure and consist of retention of urea in the blood
Uremia
29
* An obstructive disease that causes a dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine
* The most common cause is calculus, however it can also occur as a congenital defect or blockage of the system by a tumor, stricture, blood clot or inflammation
* Treatment includes antibiotics for the presence of any infection, lithotripsy of stone and surgical excision of the cause of the obstruction, or waiting until the stone passes
HYDRONEPHROSIS
30
* An acquired abnormality common in adults and are usually asymptomatic and not an impairment to renal function, but may cause symptoms from rupture, hemorrhage, infection or obstruction
* Commonly found in a lower pole of the kidney and are readily demonstrated by CT and sonography
RENAL CYST
31
* Most common malignant tumor of the kidney referred as adenocarcinoma (hypernephroma)
* Occurs twice as frequently in males with an increased incidence after the age of 40 years old
* Etiology is unknown but chronic inflammation from obstruction, cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension are thought to contribute to the development of renal carcinoma
* Surgical excision of the kidney provides a good cure rate
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
32
* Also known as Wilm’s tumor, a malignant tumor commonly encountered by children
* Children with this disease present a large, palpable abdominal mass, showing an enlarged kidney on a urographic examination
* Early surgery can result in a very high cure rate but metastasis can spread to the lungs, liver, adrenal glands and bone
NEPHROBLASTOMA
33
* usually seen three times more often in men than in women, particularly after age 60 years
* cause is clearly related to cigarette smoking and certain industrial chemicals
* Painless hematuria is the main symptom and cystoscopy followed by a urogram is the method of choice for investigating bladder carcinoma
* Treatment consist of resection or a total cystectomy
BLADDER CARCINOMA
34
