module 7 urinary

Question 1

• A relatively rare anomaly that demonstrates as the absence of the kidney on one side (unilateral)
• Accompanied with an unusually large kidney on the other side
• The left kidney is more frequently missing and it is more common among males

Answer 1

RENAL AGENESIS

Question 2

• The absence of both kidneys is termed____ and is more common in males and is incompatible with life

Answer 2

Potter syndrome or bilateral agenesis

Question 3

• Also relatively rare and consists of the presence of a third small, rudimentary kidney.
• It has no parenchymal attachment to a kidney and it often becomes symptomatic as a result of an infection.

Answer 3

SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEY

Question 4

• A rare anomaly of kidney size involving a kidney that is developed less than normal.
• usually associated with hyperplasia of the other kidney (an overdeveloped kidney that is often associated with renal agenesis or hypoplasia of the other kidney)

Answer 4

HYPOPLASIA

Question 5

a condition in which the lower poles of the kidneys are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, causing a rotation on one or both side

Answer 5

horseshoe kidney

Question 6

• one kidney lies across the midline and is fused with the other kidney
• generally lies inferior to the uncrossed one, and its ureter crosses the midline to enter the bladder on the proper side

Answer 6

CROSSED ECTOPY

Question 7

• consist of incomplete or excessive rotation of the kidney as they ascend from the pelvis in utero.

Answer 7

MALROTATION

Question 8

• one that is out of its normal position, usuallY lower than normal. Such kidneys are often in a pelvic
  or sacral location

Answer 8

ECTOPIC KIDNEY

Question 9

• these are frequent and they can be unilateral or bilateral and they have a tendency to be asymmetric
• this condition impairs renal drainage, predisposing the patient to infection, and formation of calculi

Answer 9

DOUBLE RENAL PELVIS AND DOUBLE URETER

Question 10

• cyst-like dilatations of a ureter near its opening into the bladder and usually result from congenital stenosis of the ureteral orifice
• radiographically, presents a filling defect in the bladder with a characteristic “cobra head” appearance

Answer 10

URETEROCELES

Question 11

• a congenital anomaly representing a dilated, branched ureteric remnant and is best demonstrated by retrograde urography

Answer 11

URETERAL DIVERTICULA

Question 12

• sac or pouch that occurs in the bladder walls
• may occur as a congenital anomaly or be caused by chronic bladder obstruction and resultant infection occurring in middle-aged men

Answer 12

BLADDER DIVERTICULA

Question 13

• mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra as a congenital condition
• such valves occur in males and are usually discovered during infancy and early childhood

Answer 13

URETHRAL VALVES

Question 14

• innumerable tiny cysts within the nephron unit are present at birth and may be discovered with in utero ultrasonography
• a rare condition causing childhood cystic disease and ultimately resulting in childhood renal failure

Answer 14

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Question 15

• A bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis
• Common among women than men due to their increases incidence of reflux from the bladder.
• Acute condition occurs to pregnant women due to increase size of the uterus that compresses the ureter and decreases urine clearance of bacteria

Answer 15

PYELONEPHRITIS

Question 16

presence of pus created by the dumping of pus from abscesses formed in the kidneys into the collecting tubules

Answer 16

pyuria

Question 17

morbid infection of kidneys, with characteristic gas formation within or around the kidneys.

Answer 17

EMPHYSEMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS

Question 18

• An antigen antibody reaction in the glomeruli causing inflammation of the renal parenchyma
• occurs following a streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract or middle ear
• Radiographically, the kidneys appear larger because of edematous accumulation.
• Treatment involves diuretic therapy to lessen edema, antibiotic therapy, bed rest and in severe cases renal dialysis

Answer 18

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Question 19

involves an inflammation of the glomeruli

Answer 19

Glomerulonephritis

Question 20

• Inflammation of the bladder, fairly common infection caused by a bacteria
• Prevalent among women because of shorter urethra that permits easier access of bacteria into the bladder

Answer 20

CYSTITIS

Question 21

backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the ureters

Answer 21

VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

Question 22

• Renal Calculi are stones that develop from urine and precipitate crystalline materials, especially calcium and its salts
• Males develop calculi more than females after the age of 30 and these are made of pure uric acid
• Most stones are formed in the calyces or renal pelvis

Answer 22

URINARY SYSTEM CALCIFICATIONS

Question 23

a large calculus that assumes
the shape of the pelvicalyceal junction

Answer 23

STAGHORN CALCULUS

Question 24

Movement of stones or acute obstruction result in severe, agonizing pain known as

Answer 24

RENAL COLIC

Question 25

• intimal thickening of predominantly the small vessels of the kidney
• Occur as part of the normal aging process as well as in younger patients in association with hypertension and diabetes
• Treatment consists of managing the associated hypertension , administration of diuretic agents and proper dietary restrictions

Answer 25

NEPHROSCLEROSIS

Question 26

• Disturbances of calcium metabolism (e.g. hyperparathyroidism) that results in such condition characterized by tiny deposits of calcium dispersed throughout the renal parenchyma

Answer 26

NEPHROCALCINOSIS

Question 27

• represents the end result of a chronic process that gradually results in lost kidney function
• Patients that are affected experiences moderate anemia, hypertension, heart dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure and problems related to a severe imbalance of electrolytes and acid base balance

Answer 27

RENAL FAILURE

Question 28

is a characteristic of renal failure and consist of retention of urea in the blood

Answer 28

Uremia

Question 29

• An obstructive disease that causes a dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine
• The most common cause is calculus, however it can also occur as a congenital defect or blockage of the system by a tumor, stricture, blood clot or inflammation
• Treatment includes antibiotics for the presence of any infection, lithotripsy of stone and surgical excision of the cause of the obstruction, or waiting until the stone passes

Answer 29

HYDRONEPHROSIS

Question 30

• An acquired abnormality common in adults and are usually asymptomatic and not an impairment to renal function, but may cause symptoms from rupture, hemorrhage, infection or obstruction
• Commonly found in a lower pole of the kidney and are readily demonstrated by CT and sonography

Answer 30

RENAL CYST

Question 31

• Most common malignant tumor of the kidney referred as adenocarcinoma (hypernephroma)
• Occurs twice as frequently in males with an increased incidence after the age of 40 years old
• Etiology is unknown but chronic inflammation from obstruction, cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension are thought to contribute to the development of renal carcinoma
• Surgical excision of the kidney provides a good cure rate

Answer 31

RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Question 32

• Also known as Wilm’s tumor, a malignant tumor commonly encountered by children
• Children with this disease present a large, palpable abdominal mass, showing an enlarged kidney on a urographic examination
• Early surgery can result in a very high cure rate but metastasis can spread to the lungs, liver, adrenal glands and bone

Answer 32

NEPHROBLASTOMA

Question 33

• usually seen three times more often in men than in women, particularly after age 60 years
• cause is clearly related to cigarette smoking and certain industrial chemicals
• Painless hematuria is the main symptom and cystoscopy followed by a urogram is the method of choice for investigating bladder carcinoma
• Treatment consist of resection or a total cystectomy

Answer 33

BLADDER CARCINOMA