module 4 respiratory Flashcards
respiratory pathologies
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Affects infants
- Disorder of prematurity
- Incomplete maturation of the surfactant-producing system causes unstable alveoli.
- Its deficiency results in alveolar collapse with atelectasis
- Treatment consist of
1. proper thermal environment
2. satisfactory levels of tissue oxygenation
HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE
- Congenital disorder affecting exocrine gland function, with respiratory effects including excessive secretions, obstruction of bronchial system, infection and tissue damage
- Basic cause of the disorder remains unknown but its complications are well-defined.
- Other organs can be affected which includes the salivary gland, small bowel, pancreas, biliary tract, female cervix, and male genital system.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
useful in revealing the origin and extent of many respiratory complications such as pneumonia that plaque cystic fibrosis patients.
chest films
Treatment methods include ___,___,___,___ in order to help patient adjust to limitations to his/her quality of life.
anti-microbial drugs, bronchodilators, respiratory physical therapy and psychological guidance
most frequent type of lung infection resulting in an inflammation of the lung. The main cause are bacteria, virus and mycoplasma.
PNEUMONIAS
several types of pneumonia
- Pneumococcal lobar pneumonia
- Staphylococcal pneumonia
- Streptococcal pneumonia
- Legionnaire’s disease
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Aspiration (chemical)pneumonia
- Most common bacterial pneumonia
- Affects anyone at any age
- Preceded by an upper respiratory infection
- Usually present in healthy throats
- Accompanied by the following:
1. chills
2. coughing
3. fever
4. sputum production
5. pleuritic chest pain - Affects the alveoli of the lobes of the lung
- Treatment are by giving antibiotics and bedrest
PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
- Occurs sporadically
- Severe and fatal in infants
- Pneumatocele, thin-walled, air-containing cyst, seen in children as a sign of lesion
- May enlarge and form abscesses
- Patchy in appearance and spread in and around the bronchi.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
- Even more rare
- Appearance localized around the bronchi, in the lower lobes
- Antibiotic therapy is the treatment
STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIAS
bacterium that frequently causes meningitis and pneumonia in the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses
Streptococcus pneumoniae
is an immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumococcal vaccine
- Name given to a severe, bacterial pneumonia
- Antibiotic administration
- Oxygen treatment
LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE
- Common in children and young adults
- In severe cases, may mimic tuberculosis
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA
- Caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract
- Chest x-ray will show edema produced by irritation of the air passages.
- caused by aspiration of gastric contents
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
permanent, abnormal dilatation of one or more large bronchi occurring as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall.
BRONCHIECTASIS
- An infection caused by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Early pulmonary TB is asymptomatic, with signs appearing when the lesion is large enough to be seen on a chest radiograph
- Lesions are more commonly seen in the apical region of the chest
TUBERCULOSIS
Symptoms of TB
- cough
- afternoon fever
- weight loss
- blood stained sputum
- night sweats
how can TB be diagnosed
- chest xray
- sputum smear and culture examination
- bronchoscopy, lavage and tissue biopsy
What is the treatment for TB?
- Anti-TB chemotheraphy
- Direct observed treatment, short course (DOTS)
- chemotherapy
- a group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
most common forms of COPD
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- Most often arises from long term, heavy cigarette smoking, which irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree, increasing susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections
- Persistent cough and expectoration (expulsion of mucus or phlegm from the throat)are the primary symptoms of chronic bronchitis.
- Chest radiographs demonstrate hyperinflation of the lungs
- Treatment
1. Elimination of the causative agent
2. Antibiotics can reduce the presence of infection
3. Bronchodilators are used to reduce bronchospasm
4. In severe cases, oxygen may be administered
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
normal dome of each hemidiaphragm should rise at least ___ above a line connecting the costophrenic angle posteriorly and sternophrenic angle anteriorly.
1.5 cm
indicator of hyperinflation of the lungs
increased retrosternal airspace
- A condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration
- Hyperinflation results as the disease progresses appearing radiographically as a depressed or flattened diaphragm abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increased retrosternal air space or barrel-shaped chest
EMPHYSEMA
The primary symptom of emphysema is
dyspnea
A group of occupational diseases in which inhalation of foreign inorganic dust materials result in pulmonary fibrosis.
PNEUMOCONIOSES
three primary types of pneumoconioses are
a. Silicosis
b. Anthracosis
c. Asbestosis
- Inhaling of silica (quartz) common among miners, grinders and sandblasters
- characterized radiographically by multiple small, rounded opaque nodules
- Masses are usually bilateral and relatively symmetric and almost always occur in the upper lobes or segments of the lungs
- sometimes referred to as “eggshell calcifications”
SILICOSIS
Commonly referred to as the “Black lung disease” which results from inhaling of coal dust and is associated with coal workers.
ANTHRACOSIS
- Results from inhaling asbestos dust
- Radiographically, diaphragmatic pleural calcifications are very suggestive of this disease
- The pulmonary fibrosis is predominantly distributed in the lung bases
ABESTOSIS
- A localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris
- may result from pneumonia, neoplasm or other organisms that invade the lungs.
- Treatment for both includes antibiotic therapy and possible fluid drainage.
LUNG ABSCESS
consist of accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
EMPYEMA
- Inflammation of the pleura used to indicate inconsequential thoracic pain.
- indicative of serious condition such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis or malignant disease.
- Pain in varying intensity is usually distributed to one side or the other and along the intercostal nerve roots.
PLEURISY (PLEURITIS)
- Excess fluid collection in the pleural cavity and is a frequent manifestations of serious thoracic disease, usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin.
- Radiographic signs include blunting of the costophrenic angle best seen on an erect lateral projection of the chest
PLEURAL EFFUSION
The inflamed pleural layers rub against each other every time the lungs expand to breathe in air. This can cause sharp pain when breathing, also called
pleuritic chest pain
Pleural effusion containing blood is called
hemothorax
_____ are of great value in diagnosing effusion as well as ______, to remove excess fluids
Lateral decubitus, thoracocentesis
- infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
- common causes are exposure to extremes in humidity and temperature or a deviated septum and its symptoms include nasal discharge and a headache.
- treatment typically involves antibiotic therapy and analgesics for pain relief. Surgery can be done if due to a deviated septum
sinusitis
will demonstrate increased density and possible air-fluid levels in the affected sinuses.
upright sinus radiographs
- means incomplete expansion of the lung as a result or partial or total collapse
- not a disease but a sign of an abnormal process.
ATELECTASIS
occurs when pleural effusion and pneumothorax cause collapse
COMPRESSION
occurs when air is completely absorbed from the alveoli beyond an obstructed bronchus
ABSORPTION
Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and compresses the lung tissue.
PNEUMOTHORAX
Common causes of pneumothorax include:
- penetrating chest trauma
- postoperative aspiration
- spontaneous blowout of a bleb (a flaccid vesicle, like a blister)
Complete collapse of right lung as indicated by an absence of lung markings.
spontaneous pneumothorax
Left hemithorax is completely radiolucent and lacks vascular markings. There is a dramatic shift of the mediastinum to the right. Left hemidiaphragm is greatly depressed, and there is spreading of the left ribs.
tension pneumothorax
Usually benign but it is included under the WHO classification of lung cancer due to its tendencies to invade local tissues.
BRONCHIAL ADENOMA
- carcinoma of the lung that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree
- common radiographic representation is an airway obstruction and as the tumor grows, it may include the bronchus producing atelectasis and pneumonitis
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
most common fatal primary malignancy of the lung and has four main types:
- squamous cell
- small cell
- large cell
- adenocarcinoma
most common primary sites for these tumors are
the breast, the gastrointestinal tract, the female reproductive system, the prostate, skin (melanoma), and the kidneys
