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pathology > module 4 respiratory > Flashcards

module 4 respiratory Flashcards

respiratory pathologies

1
Q
  • Respiratory distress syndrome
  • Affects infants
  • Disorder of prematurity
  • Incomplete maturation of the surfactant-producing system causes unstable alveoli.
  • Its deficiency results in alveolar collapse with atelectasis
  • Treatment consist of
    1. proper thermal environment
    2. satisfactory levels of tissue oxygenation
A

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

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2
Q
  • Congenital disorder affecting exocrine gland function, with respiratory effects including excessive secretions, obstruction of bronchial system, infection and tissue damage
  • Basic cause of the disorder remains unknown but its complications are well-defined.
  • Other organs can be affected which includes the salivary gland, small bowel, pancreas, biliary tract, female cervix, and male genital system.
A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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3
Q

useful in revealing the origin and extent of many respiratory complications such as pneumonia that plaque cystic fibrosis patients.

A

chest films

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4
Q

Treatment methods include ___,___,___,___ in order to help patient adjust to limitations to his/her quality of life.

A

anti-microbial drugs, bronchodilators, respiratory physical therapy and psychological guidance

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5
Q

most frequent type of lung infection resulting in an inflammation of the lung. The main cause are bacteria, virus and mycoplasma.

A

PNEUMONIAS

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6
Q

several types of pneumonia

A
  1. Pneumococcal lobar pneumonia
  2. Staphylococcal pneumonia
  3. Streptococcal pneumonia
  4. Legionnaire’s disease
  5. Mycoplasma pneumonia
  6. Aspiration (chemical)pneumonia
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7
Q
  • Most common bacterial pneumonia
  • Affects anyone at any age
  • Preceded by an upper respiratory infection
  • Usually present in healthy throats
  • Accompanied by the following:
    1. chills
    2. coughing
    3. fever
    4. sputum production
    5. pleuritic chest pain
  • Affects the alveoli of the lobes of the lung
  • Treatment are by giving antibiotics and bedrest
A

PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

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8
Q
  • Occurs sporadically
  • Severe and fatal in infants
  • Pneumatocele, thin-walled, air-containing cyst, seen in children as a sign of lesion
  • May enlarge and form abscesses
  • Patchy in appearance and spread in and around the bronchi.
A

STAPHYLOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

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9
Q
  • Even more rare
  • Appearance localized around the bronchi, in the lower lobes
  • Antibiotic therapy is the treatment
A

STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIAS

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10
Q

bacterium that frequently causes meningitis and pneumonia in the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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11
Q

is an immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Pneumococcal vaccine

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12
Q
  • Name given to a severe, bacterial pneumonia
  • Antibiotic administration
  • Oxygen treatment
A

LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE

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13
Q
  • Common in children and young adults
  • In severe cases, may mimic tuberculosis
A

MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA

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14
Q
  • Caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract
  • Chest x-ray will show edema produced by irritation of the air passages.
  • caused by aspiration of gastric contents
A

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

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15
Q

permanent, abnormal dilatation of one or more large bronchi occurring as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall.

A

BRONCHIECTASIS

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16
Q
  • An infection caused by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Early pulmonary TB is asymptomatic, with signs appearing when the lesion is large enough to be seen on a chest radiograph
  • Lesions are more commonly seen in the apical region of the chest
A

TUBERCULOSIS

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17
Q

Symptoms of TB

A
  • cough
  • afternoon fever
  • weight loss
  • blood stained sputum
  • night sweats
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18
Q

how can TB be diagnosed

A
  • chest xray
  • sputum smear and culture examination
  • bronchoscopy, lavage and tissue biopsy
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19
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

A
  • Anti-TB chemotheraphy
  • Direct observed treatment, short course (DOTS)
  • chemotherapy
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20
Q
  • a group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction
A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

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21
Q

most common forms of COPD

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

22
Q
  • Most often arises from long term, heavy cigarette smoking, which irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree, increasing susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections
  • Persistent cough and expectoration (expulsion of mucus or phlegm from the throat)are the primary symptoms of chronic bronchitis.
  • Chest radiographs demonstrate hyperinflation of the lungs
  • Treatment
    1. Elimination of the causative agent
    2. Antibiotics can reduce the presence of infection
    3. Bronchodilators are used to reduce bronchospasm
    4. In severe cases, oxygen may be administered
A

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

23
Q

normal dome of each hemidiaphragm should rise at least ___ above a line connecting the costophrenic angle posteriorly and sternophrenic angle anteriorly.

A

1.5 cm

24
Q

indicator of hyperinflation of the lungs

A

increased retrosternal airspace

25
Q
  • A condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration
  • Hyperinflation results as the disease progresses appearing radiographically as a depressed or flattened diaphragm abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increased retrosternal air space or barrel-shaped chest
A

EMPHYSEMA

26
Q

The primary symptom of emphysema is

A

dyspnea

27
Q

A group of occupational diseases in which inhalation of foreign inorganic dust materials result in pulmonary fibrosis.

A

PNEUMOCONIOSES

28
Q

three primary types of pneumoconioses are

A

a. Silicosis
b. Anthracosis
c. Asbestosis

29
Q
  • Inhaling of silica (quartz) common among miners, grinders and sandblasters
  • characterized radiographically by multiple small, rounded opaque nodules
  • Masses are usually bilateral and relatively symmetric and almost always occur in the upper lobes or segments of the lungs
  • sometimes referred to as “eggshell calcifications”
A

SILICOSIS

29
Q

Commonly referred to as the “Black lung disease” which results from inhaling of coal dust and is associated with coal workers.

A

ANTHRACOSIS

29
Q
  • Results from inhaling asbestos dust
  • Radiographically, diaphragmatic pleural calcifications are very suggestive of this disease
  • The pulmonary fibrosis is predominantly distributed in the lung bases
A

ABESTOSIS

30
Q
  • A localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris
  • may result from pneumonia, neoplasm or other organisms that invade the lungs.
  • Treatment for both includes antibiotic therapy and possible fluid drainage.
A

LUNG ABSCESS

31
Q

consist of accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

A

EMPYEMA

32
Q
  • Inflammation of the pleura used to indicate inconsequential thoracic pain.
  • indicative of serious condition such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis or malignant disease.
  • Pain in varying intensity is usually distributed to one side or the other and along the intercostal nerve roots.
A

PLEURISY (PLEURITIS)

33
Q
  • Excess fluid collection in the pleural cavity and is a frequent manifestations of serious thoracic disease, usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin.
  • Radiographic signs include blunting of the costophrenic angle best seen on an erect lateral projection of the chest
A

PLEURAL EFFUSION

33
Q

The inflamed pleural layers rub against each other every time the lungs expand to breathe in air. This can cause sharp pain when breathing, also called

A

pleuritic chest pain

34
Q

Pleural effusion containing blood is called

A

hemothorax

35
Q

_____ are of great value in diagnosing effusion as well as ______, to remove excess fluids

A

Lateral decubitus, thoracocentesis

36
Q
  • infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
  • common causes are exposure to extremes in humidity and temperature or a deviated septum and its symptoms include nasal discharge and a headache.
  • treatment typically involves antibiotic therapy and analgesics for pain relief. Surgery can be done if due to a deviated septum
A

sinusitis

37
Q

will demonstrate increased density and possible air-fluid levels in the affected sinuses.

A

upright sinus radiographs

38
Q
  • means incomplete expansion of the lung as a result or partial or total collapse
  • not a disease but a sign of an abnormal process.
A

ATELECTASIS

39
Q

occurs when pleural effusion and pneumothorax cause collapse

A

COMPRESSION

40
Q

occurs when air is completely absorbed from the alveoli beyond an obstructed bronchus

A

ABSORPTION

41
Q

Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and compresses the lung tissue.

A

PNEUMOTHORAX

42
Q

Common causes of pneumothorax include:

A
  1. penetrating chest trauma
  2. postoperative aspiration
  3. spontaneous blowout of a bleb (a flaccid vesicle, like a blister)
43
Q

Complete collapse of right lung as indicated by an absence of lung markings.

A

spontaneous pneumothorax

44
Q

Left hemithorax is completely radiolucent and lacks vascular markings. There is a dramatic shift of the mediastinum to the right. Left hemidiaphragm is greatly depressed, and there is spreading of the left ribs.

A

tension pneumothorax

45
Q

Usually benign but it is included under the WHO classification of lung cancer due to its tendencies to invade local tissues.

A

BRONCHIAL ADENOMA

46
Q
  • carcinoma of the lung that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree
  • common radiographic representation is an airway obstruction and as the tumor grows, it may include the bronchus producing atelectasis and pneumonitis
A

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

47
Q

most common fatal primary malignancy of the lung and has four main types:

A
  1. squamous cell
  2. small cell
  3. large cell
  4. adenocarcinoma
48
Q

most common primary sites for these tumors are

A

the breast, the gastrointestinal tract, the female reproductive system, the prostate, skin (melanoma), and the kidneys

pathology (12 decks)

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