module 5 neurogenic, diverticular, traumatic, neoplastic diseases

Question 1

a pouch or sac of variable size that occurs normally or is created by herniation of a mucus membrane through defect in its muscular coat

Answer 1

DIVERTICULUM

Question 2

• A neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus that results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter of the distal esophagus to relax, leading to dysphagia
• Clinically, patients present with a slowly progressive dysphagia in swallowing both solids and liquids
• Patients may also experience regurgitation, chest pain, and moderate weight loss

Answer 2

ACHALASIA

Question 3

• Occur when mucosal outpouching penetrate through the muscular layer of the esophagus
• Usually, asymptomatic until they reach a relatively large size, at which time complications may occur

Answer 3

ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULA

Question 4

presence of diverticula without inflammation, is seen in all parts of the colon, most frequently in the sigmoid colon, and particularly among adults over the age of 40 years.

Answer 4

DIVERTICULOSIS

Question 5

• Inflammation of a diverticulum is termed _____. The inflammation is exacerbated by feces lodging in the diverticulum. Signs and symptoms include lower left quadrant pain and tenderness, fever, and an increased WBC count

Answer 5

diverticulitis

Question 6

• Unintentional swallowing or poor mastication causes such ____ to become lodged in the esophagus.
• A barium swallow is commonly used in cases of acute esophageal obstruction in order to locate the site of obstruction.
• Soft tissue neck radiographs are also indicated in cases of radiopaque foreign bodies.

Answer 6

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE ESOPHAGUS

Question 7

• benign tumor (smooth muscle tumor) and can be surgically removed through thoracic or abdominal incision
• present as intramural defects in the barium-outlined esophageal wall

Answer 7

LEIOMYOMA

Question 8

a cancer arising in the body of the esophagus

Answer 8

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Question 9

cancer arising at the esophogastric junction

Answer 9

ADENOCARCINOMA

Question 10

• small masses of tissue arising from the bowel wall to project inward into the lumen
• more frequently noted in the left colon, and particularly in the rectosigmoid areas

Answer 10

COLONIC POLYPS

Question 11

• varies by geographical area, race, diet, hereditary, and sex.
• Most develop in the pyloric and antrum regions, particularly along the lesser curvature, although they may occur anywhere
• Symptoms are often vague but include bleeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss and early satiety.
• Surgical removal has been the only successful treatment; a subtotal gastrectomy is the usual procedure. Resection of the stomach to attach to the jejunum via a gastrojejunostomy usually accompanies this procedure. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy treatments for stomach carcinoma have been less effective.`

Answer 11

GASTRIC CANCER

Question 12

• The most common malignancies in males and is generally adenocarcinoma.
• Incidence rises significantly after age 40 and doubles with each decade, reaching a peak at about age 75.
• Primary means of treatment is by surgical incision and resection of the bowel.
• Radiation Therapy is given to reduce tumor size and to provide pain relief.
• Chemotherapy is given when the cancer has metastasized.

Answer 12

CARCINOMA OF THE COLON

Question 13

is a cancer derived from the glandular epithelium of the colon which is characterized by infiltration of the colon wall.

Answer 13

Adenocarcinoma