Module 6: Skin, hair, nails

Question 1

Abnormal characteristics of pigmented lesions are summarized by ABCDE. What does that stand for?

Answer 1

Asymmetry (not regularly round or oval, two halves of lesion don’t look the same)
Border irregularity (notching, scalloping, ragged edges or poorly defined margins)
Colour variation (areas of brown, tan, black, blue, red, white, or combination)
Diameter greater than 6 mm
Elevation and evolution

Question 2

This is the outer layer of the skin, thin but tough , consists of the inner basal cell layer and outer horny cell layer

Answer 2

Epidermis

Question 3

The interstate basal cell layer forms what? And what is their major ingredient?

Answer 3

New skin cells, keratin

Question 4

The inner supportive skin layer consisting mostly of connective tissue or collagen. Tough, fibrous protein that enables the skin to resist tearing

Answer 4

Dermis

Question 5

What lies in the dermis?

Answer 5

Nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels.

Also hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Question 6

What skin layer is adipose tissue?

Answer 6

Subcutaneous layer

Question 7

What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

Answer 7

Stores fat for energy, provides insulation for temperature control, and aids in protection by its soft, cushioning effect

Question 8

Our epidermis is completely replaced every how many weeks

Answer 8

4

Question 9

Muscular _______ Contract and elevate the hair in our skin resembling goosebumps during exposure to cold or in emotional states

Answer 9

Arrector pili

Question 10

The protective lipid substance secreted through her hair follicles is called what? And is produced by what glands?

Answer 10

Sebum, produced by Sebaceous glands

Question 11

The two types of sweat glands we have are called

Answer 11

Eccrine and apocrine

Question 12

What are the 9 functions of the skin?

Answer 12

Protection, prevention of penetration, perception, temperature regulation, identification, communication, wound repair, absorption and excretion, reduction of vitamin D

Question 13

How does the skin Regulate temperature

Answer 13

Heat dissipation through sweat glands and heat storage through subcutaneous insulation

Question 14

How does the skin produce vitamin D?

Answer 14

UV light converts cholesterol into vitamin D

Question 15

How does the skin allow perception?

Answer 15

Skin is a vast sensory surface that Holds the sensorineural end organs For touch, pain, temperature, and pressure

Question 16

Generalized (all over) skin colour change is suggestive of

Answer 16

Systemic illness: pallor, jaundice, cyanosis

Question 17

What are some medications that may produce allergic skin eruption?

Answer 17

Aspirin, antibiotics, barbiturates, some tonics

Question 18

Medications that may increase some light sensitivity and produce burn response

Answer 18

Sulphonamides, thiazide diuretics, oral Hypoglycemic agents, tetracycline

Question 19

Ashen-grey Colour in dark skin or marked pallor in light skin occurs with

Answer 19

Shock, anemia, and arterial insufficiency

Question 20

When the red pink tones from the oxygenated haemoglobin in the blood are lost, your skin takes on the colour of connective tissue collagen, which is mostly white. What is the term

Answer 20

Pallor

Question 21

Colour is common in acute high stress states, such as anxiety and fear, because

Answer 21

The powerful personal vasoconstriction from sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
The skin also looks pale with vasoconstriction from exposure to cold and cigarette smoking and in the presence of edema

Question 22

In dark-skinned people, Generalize pallor can be observed where?

Answer 22

Mucous membranes, lips, nailbeds.

the palpebral conjunctiva and nailbeds are preferred sites for assessing the pallor of anemia

Question 23

Erythema is intense redness of the skin from excess blood (hyperemia) in the dilated superficial capillaries. This sign is expected with

Answer 23

Fever, local inflammation, or with emotional reactions such as blushing in vascular flush areas

Question 24

How do you assess inflammation in dark skinned persons ?

Answer 24

Palpate the skin for an increased warmth, taughtness or tightly pulled Surfaces, which may indicate edema, and hardening of deep tissues or blood vessels

Question 25

Cyanosis (bluish, mottled discolouration that signifies decreased perfusion) Indicates what?

Answer 25

Hypoxemia and occurs with shock, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, and congenital heart diseases

Question 26

Jaundice indicates what?

Answer 26

Rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood

Question 27

Jaundice occurs with

Answer 27

Hepatitis, cirrhosis, sickle cell disease, transfusion reaction, and hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 28

Where is jaundice first noted?

Answer 28

In the junction of the hard and soft palate in the mouth and in the sclera

Question 29

Diaphoresis (profuse perspiration) A company is an increase in

Answer 29

metabolic rate, as occurs in strenuous activity or fever

Question 30

Where do you look for dehydration?

Answer 30

Oral mucous membranes

Question 31

*What would you consider the cause of unilateral edema?

Answer 31

Consider a local or peripheral cause

Question 32

What would you consider for a bilateral edema or edema generalized over the whole body?

Answer 32

Consider a central problems such as heart failure or kidney failure

Question 33

Deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, swelling of leg - is what grade of edema?

Answer 33

3+

Question 34

Mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of the leg - is what grade of edema?

Answer 34

1+

Question 35

Moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly. Is graded as

Answer 35

2+

Question 36

How does mobility and turgor reflect the elasticity of the skin?

Answer 36

Mobility is the skins ease of rising, turgor is its ability to return to place promptly when released

Question 37

What is the difference between primary and secondary lesions?

Answer 37

Primary – when a lesion develops on previously unaltered skin
Secondary – when a lesion changes over time or changes because of a factor such as scratching or infection

Question 38

The profile sign of the nail should be about how many degrees?

Answer 38

160°

Question 39

*Clubbing occurs with

Answer 39

Congenital, chronic, and cyanotic heart disease and with emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 40

In early clubbing, the nail angle straightens out to how many degrees and the nail base feels

Answer 40

180°, feels spongy on palpation

Question 41

What do pits, transverse grooves, or lines of the nails indicate?

Answer 41

May indicate a nutrient deficiency or may accompany acute illness in which nail growth is disturbed

Question 42

Depressing the nail edge to cause blanching, then releasing noting the return color, indicates the status of the peripheral circulation. Cyanotic nail beds for sluggish colour return may be indicative of

Answer 42

Cardiovascular or respiratory disfunction

Question 43

Pruritus (itchy skin) The most common of skin symptoms occurs with

Answer 43

Dry skin, aging, medication reactions, allergy, obstructive jaundice, uremia, less infestation

Question 44

A flat macular haemorrhage is called a

Answer 44

Purpura