Module 6: Perception Flashcards
what are the experience resulting from stimulation of the senses?
perception
perception can change based on _____?
added information
this involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving based on a person’s past experiences
perception
perception occurs in _______ with actions
conjunction
what involves complex and usually invisible processes that resemble reasoning?
perception
how do we percept ?
while in motion, we shift our attention from one thing to another to perceive what is happening
what is the central to our ability to organize the actions that occur as we interact with the environment?
perception
what does perception creates and helps us take action within it as it plays a central role in our general cognition?
a picture of our environment
what is essential for creating memories, acquiring knowledge, solving problems, communicating with other people, recognizing someone you met last week, and answering questions on a cognitive ergonomics exam?
perception
what is the bottom-up process by which our senses receive and relay outside stimuli?
sensation
what is the top-down way our brain organize and interpret the information and put it into context?
perception
what refers to the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina?
inverse projection problem
inverse projection problem involves starting with the ______ and then extending ______ to the source of that image
retinal image, outward
what are the limitations of perceiving machine vs. humans?
- inverse projection problem
- objects can be hidden or blurred
- objects can look different from different viewpoints
- scenes contain high level information
the light from an object is _____ as it falls on the retina
inverted
stimulates receptors
environmental energy
observer brings to the situation
knowledge and expectations
approaches to understand perception
direct and constructive perception theories
bottom up processing; perception comes from stimuli in the environment where parts are identified and put together & then recognition occurs
direct perception theories
people actively construct perceptions using info-based on expectations
constructive perception theories
ability to tell when one word ends and another begins
speech segmentation
knwoing which sound will likely follow another in a word
transitional probabilities
some perceptions are the results of. ____
unconscious assumptions
we use ___ to inform our perceptions
knowledge
we ___ much of what we knwo about the ___
infer, world
perceive the world in a way that is most pikely based on our PAST experience
likelihood principle
old view
structuralism
new view
gestalth principles
number of sensation add up to create perceptions
structuralism
the mind group patterns according to intrinsic laws of perceptual organization
gestalt principles
4 principles of gestalt principles
principle of good continuation
law of pragnanz
principle of similarity
color causes grouping
lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
principle of good continuation
principle of simplicity/good figure; every stimuls pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible
law of pragnanz
similar things appear grouped tgt
principle of similarity
verticals and horizontals are peceived way more easily than other orientations
oblique effect
one’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by 2 factors: prior probability and likelihood of a given outcome
bayesian inference
a process wherein the indiv receive various stimuli (input), organize their impressions and interpret in their own way (throughput), and give some meaning and display behaviour (output)
perception in the workplace
an individual is perceived based on a SINGLE TRAIT
Halo effect
typecast
stereotype
incorrect perception of an individual
projection
types of perceptual errors
halo effect
stereotype
projection
ways to improve perception
- authentic communication
- empathy
- positive attitude
- cultural influences
