Module 2: Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
what is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals?
mind
what is the study of mental processes which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates?
cognitive psychology
what are the 4 early works in cognitive psychology?
donder’s pioneering experiment
wundt’s psychology laboratory
ebbinghaus’s memory experiment
william james’s principle of psychology
who created the reaction time experiment?
Donder
how did donder’s measured decision makingg?
through reaction time
what are the 2 types of reaction time?
simple and choice reaction time
what are the 3 steps that summarizes Donder’s reaction time?
stimulus > mental response > behavioral response
according to Donders, how many second does a decision making takes?
one-tenth of a second
what is the FIRST COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY experiment that signifies studying the mind?
donder’s ecperiment (reaction time)
what is the formula for reaction time according to donder’s experiment?
choice - simple = time ti make a decision
what is donders measuring when he measured the reaction time?
the relationship between the presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response
when did donders experiment took place?
1868
who founded the 1ST LABORATORY OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY?
wilhelm wundt
when and where did wundt founded the 1st scientific psychology laboratory?
1879; University of Leipzig
what was wundt’s approach?
structuralism
this pertains to the overall experienced being determined by combining the basic elements of experience
structuralism
what is the combination of the basic elements of experience
sensations
what is the technique which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli?
analytic introspection
who is the german psychologists who was interested in determining the nature of memory and forgetting?
hermann ebbinghaus
what method did ebbinghaus used to determine how rapid does the information is lost over time?
quantitative
who is the participant of ebbinghaus’s experiment?
him (ebbinghaus)
what is the methodology of ebbinghaus’s experiment?
repeated 13 lists of nonsense syllables to himself one at a time at a constant rate
what is the reason behind the nonsense syllables?
so that his memory would not be influenced by the meaning of a particular word
what is the objective of ebbinghaus’s experiment
to determine the number of repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors
what is the measure used to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay?
savings
_____ break intervals = ____ repetitions necessary to relearn list
short, fewer
what is the formula for savings (ebbinghaus’s experiment)?
orig time to learn - time to relearn after delay
The ______ in savings (remembering) with _______ delays indicates that forgetting occurs rapidly over the first ____ days and then occurs more ____ after that.
decrease, increasing, 2, slowly
when was ebbinghaus experiment established?
1885
who taught harvard’s first psychology course?
william james
when did the principles of psychology, a compilation of observations about the mind, released?
1890
how is the book principles of psychology made?
william james had observations based on the function of his own mind and not experiments
what works abandoned the study of the mind?
watson’s behaviorism, skinner’s operant conditioning, setting the mind for reemergence of the mind in psychology
what approach eliminate the mind and study directly observable behavior?
behaviorism
what is watson’s and ralie rayner (1920) experimented on?
Little Albert
pairing of one stimulus with another that causes change in the response to the neutral stimulus
classical conditioning
who provided another tool for studying the relationship between stimulus and response in 1931 when he received his PhD from harvard?
B.F. Skinner
what approach focused on how behavior is strengthened by the representation of positive reinforcers?
operant conditioning
when was watson’s behaviorism took place?
1913
when was operant conditioning took place?
1938
who called himself a behaviorist but was considered one of the early cognitive psychology because he used behavior to infer mental processes?
tolman
in 1938, tolman experimented on ?
rats placed in a 4-armed maze
what is tolman’s experiment ?
cognitive map
what is the controversy over language acquisition?
skinner (1957) verbal behavior vs chomsky (1959)
how did chomsky (1959) rebut skinner’s verbal behavior?
children do not only learn language thru imitation and reinforcement;
according to chomsky (1959), language must be determined by _____?
inborn biological program
what is the way to study the mind based on insights associated with the digital computer?
information-processing approach?
what theory was built on James’ idea of attention?
cherry (1953)
what is Cherry’s (1953) theory all about?
Subjects could understand details of message A despite also hearing message B
who developed flow diagram to show what occurs as a person directs attention to one stimulus?
broadbent (1958)
making machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving
artificial intelligence
who developed a 3-stage model of memory?
arkinson and shiffrin (1968)
what are the three stages of memory model?
sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
less than 1 second
sensory memory
few seconds, limited capacity
short-term memory
long duration, high capacity
long-term memory
what scientific study studies the behavior of people with brain damage?
neuropsychology
what scientific study studies the electrical responses of the nervous system including brain neurons?
electrophysiology
