Module 4: Information Theory Flashcards
what is the subdiscipline of psychology which states that the human work is above the neck?
engineering psychology
according to Wickens, C. et. al. (2013), what discipline focus on performance in the workplace that characterizes its close linkage back to ergonomics and cognitive ergonomics?
engineering psychology
what does the engineering psychology typically measures?
the big 3: speed, accuracy, attentional demand
what do engineering psychologists study in terms of cognitive phenomena?
the quality of mental model, situation awareness, and overconfidence in a decision
where is data derived from?
information
this is conveyed either as a content of a message or through direct pr indirect observation of something
information
what are the 6 types of information?
quantitative
qualitative
status
warning
representational
identification
who developed the information theory?
Claude E. Shannon
what is the purpose of information theory?
to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations
where do information theory draws its knowledge from?
statistical inferences, natural language processing, and other forms of data analysis
what starts by an environmental input or operator’s voluntary intention to act?
system environment (feedback)
for short-term sensory store, what is the reason why all sensory systems have an associated STSS?
to prolong the raw materials for 0.5 min or 2-4 sec
what does the STSS permits to be preserved temporarily and be dealt with later?
environmental information
unfamiliar circumstances remove the ability to use ______?
past experiences
what forces the perceiver to use top-down expectancies?
poor sensory quality
what happens if such expectancies are wrong?
perceptual errors can occur
what is driven by sensory inputs or by inputs from long-term memory about what events are expected?
perception
what are the 2 types of perception in human information processing model?
top-down processing and bottom-up processing
this refers to processing sensory information as it is coming in
bottom-up processing
this refers to the way it is built up from the smallest pieces of sensory information
bottom-up processing
this refers to perception that is driven by cognition
top-down processing
stimulus world > senses
bottom-up processing
experiences > knowledge
top-down processing
what operations require greater time, mental effort, or attention through rehearsal, reasoning, or image processing using working memory?
cognition
how to use our memories?
use under controlled conditions
this refers to the choices/options presented or thought of before responding when a situation occurs
response selection
this refers to the chosen action from the list of options
response execution
what is triggered when you understand a situation?
action
what is the formula of reaction time?
RT = Hick-Hyman Law + Movement Time (Fitts Law)
what theory describes decision made under uncertainty?
signal detection theory
what are the 4 parts of signal detection?
Stimulus
Signal
Noise
Task
sensory input(s)
stimulus
stimulus having a special pattern
signal
obscuring stimuli
noise
reporting “yes” when signal present, “no” if otherwise
task
what is a graphical plot of how often false alarms (x) occur vs. how often hits (y) occur for any level of sensitivity?
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
how is sensitivity of d’ captured in the curve?
by the “bow”
the _____ the curve bends up to the right, the _____ the sensitivity
more, better
what do humans make when they detect signals?
2 alternatives along a sequence of sensory evidence
what do you call the behavior of humans identifying 3 or more stimuli at DIFFERENT levels of sensory evidences?
absolute judgment
what is an example of a task in which the human transmits information from stimulus to response?
absolute judgment
an observer assign a stimulus into one of the ____ categories along a _____
multiple, sensory dimension
how is an information can be expressed?
bits (binomial digits)
this equal to the base 2 logarithm of the number of possible events
bits (binomial digits)
the amount of information in the stimulus
Hs
what is information loss?
Ht < Hs ; the amount of transmitted information is less than the stimulus information
absolute judgment can be divided into 2:
single dimensions
multidimensional judgment
this includes the stimulus continuum and several discrete levels of the continuum
channel capacity
when is information transmission (Ht) usually perfect?
when 4 discriminable stimuli (2 bits) are presented
increasing number of discrete stimulus level, error rate _____?
increases
according to Miller (1956), every subject has a _____- if the number of discrete levels and the error rate are directly proportional
maximum channel capacity
this states that “stimuli located in the middle of the range are generally identified with poorer accuracy than those at the extremes”
edge effect
according to edge effect, the 45° slope of the dashed line indicates what?
perfect information transmission
what indicates the channel capacity of the operator?
level of flat part or asymptote of the function
this refers to the level of the stimulus on one dimension can take on any value and independent of the other
orthogonal dimension
“As _____ dimensions are added, _____ ______
information is transmitted, but _____ information
is transmitted ___ _________”.
more, more total
less, per dimension
this refers on the level on one constraints, the level on another
correlated dimensions
“As more dimensions are added, the ___________ improves, but Hs ______ the amount of information that can be transmitted”
security of the channel, limits
what does the orthogonal dimensions maximizes?
Ht, efficiency of the channel
what does the correlated dimension minimizes?
Hloss
what does the correlated dimension maximizes?
security of the channel
this refers to (in) action that was not intended, not desired by a set of rules, or an external observer, that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits
human error
what is the goal of human error?
minimize error to maximize human performance
how does human error occur?
task complexity
error-likely situations
individual differences
how are errors detected?
action, output, process - based
what are the 4 causes of human error?
design deficiency
equipment malfunction
manufacturing defect
environmental hazards
what type of human error causes creates a problem if the design has a problem that causes mishap?
design deficiency
what type of human error causes creates a problem if the machine operated incorrectly?
equipment malfunction
what type of human error causes creates a problem if the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to fail?
manufacturing defect
what type of human error causes creates a problem if an outside factor is involved that causes hazardous condition?
environmental hazard
