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Ergo 2 > Module 3: Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Module 3: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

what is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body?

A

brain

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2
Q

a brain is made up of ______ nerves that communicate in ______ of connections called _____

A

100 billion, trillions, synapses

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3
Q

what are the 4 specialized areas that work together in the brain?

A

cortex, brain stem, basal ganglia, cerebellum

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4
Q

this is the outermost layer of brain cells; thinking and voluntary movements

A

cortex

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5
Q

is in between spinal cord and the rest of the brain; breathing and sleeping

A

brain stem

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6
Q

cluster of structures in the center of the brain; messages

A

basal ganglia

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7
Q

is at the base and the back of the brain; coordination and balance

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

what are the 4 lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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9
Q

what lobe is responsible for problem solving, judgment, and motor function?

A

frontal lobe

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10
Q

what lobe manages sensation, handwriting, and body position?

A

parietal lobe

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11
Q

what lobe is involved with memory and hearing?

A

temporal lobe

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12
Q

what lobe contains the brain’s visual processing system?

A

occipital lobes

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13
Q

a layer of tissue

A

meninges

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14
Q

what protects the brain form injury?

A

skull (cranium)

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15
Q

what is the study of the physiological basis of cognition?

A

cognitive neuroscience

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16
Q

what is the subfield of neuroscience that studies the biological processes that underlie human cognition, especially regarding the relation between brain structures, activity, and cognitive functions?

A

cognitive neuroscience

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17
Q

the purpose of this is to determine the brain functions and achieves performance

A

cognitive neuroscience

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18
Q

what is considered a branch of BOTH psychology and neuroscience?

A

cognitive neuroscience

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19
Q

what is a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of satisfaction, brain function, and decision making?

A

dopamine

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20
Q

what plays a role in how we feel pleasure?

A

dopamine

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21
Q

it refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, from multiple angles and different points of view

A

level of analysis

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22
Q

what is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, etc?

A

neurons

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23
Q

this contains the nucleus and cytoplasm that keeps the cell alive

A

cell body

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24
Q

this extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches, which receives info from other neurons

A

axon

25
Q

what are tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons?

A

dendrites

26
Q

what is the stained tissue anatomists identified in the early conceptions of neurons last 19th century?

A

nerve net

27
Q

This allows for almost nonstop, continuous communication of signals throughout the network

A

nerve net

28
Q

who founded neuron doctrine?

A

Ramon y Cajal

29
Q

what is the individual nerve cells that transmit signals and are not continuously linked with other cells?

A

neuron doctrine

30
Q

who recorded electrical signals from single sensory neurons which was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1932?

A

edgar adrian

31
Q

what are small shafts of hollow glass filled with conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals

A

microelectrodes

32
Q

what are the 2 electrodes?

A

recording and reference electrode

33
Q

value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron

A

resting potential

34
Q

what passes through the electrode

A

nerve impulse

35
Q

from positive to negative to resting potential

A

action potential

36
Q

everything a person experiences is based on _______- in the person’s nervous system

A

representations

37
Q

neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus

A

feature detectors

38
Q

the structure of the brain changes with experience

A

experience-dependency plasticity

39
Q

When we perceive different objects, we do so in a specific order that moves from lower to higher areas of the brain

A

hierarchical processing

40
Q

what is the problem of neural representation for the senses?

A

problem of sensory coding

41
Q

this refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A

sensory code

42
Q

what sensory coding shows representation of a stimulus by firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus?

A

specificity coding

43
Q

what sensory coding shows representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing large number of neurons?

A

population coding

44
Q

what sensory coding shows representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing only a small group of neurons?

A

sparse coding

45
Q

what declines in specific ways when certain areas of the brain are damaged?

A

cognitive functioning

46
Q

this contains mechanisms responsible for most cognitive functions

A

cerebral cortex

47
Q

this measures neural activity by identifying highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

48
Q

this responds to faces

A

fusiform face area (FFA)

49
Q

inability to recognize face

A

prosopagnosia

50
Q

this responds specifically to places

A

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

51
Q

this responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

A

extrastriate body area (EBA)

52
Q

what are the interconnected areas of the brain that communicate with each other?

A

neural networks

53
Q

what is the structural description of the network elements and connections forming the human brain?

A

connectome

54
Q

vision; visual perception

A

visual

55
Q

movement and touch

A

somato-motor

56
Q

attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations

A

dorsal attention

57
Q

higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory

A

executive control

58
Q

attending to survival-relevant events

A

salience

59
Q

Mind wandering, and cognitive activity related to personal life-story, social functions, and monitoring internal emotional states

A

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Ergo 2 (12 decks)

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