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Dental Medicine 1 > Module 6 (part of test 3) > Flashcards

Module 6 (part of test 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is due to a ______ or _____ of insulin?

A

decrease

lack

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2
Q

Hyperglycemia is a ______ disease seen with an increase in vascular _____ and a loss of ______?

A

Microvascular
Thickness
Elasticity

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3
Q

If you have HIGH blood glucose the pancreas releases what substance?

A

insulin

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4
Q

If you have HIGH blood glucose the liver does what?

A

produces glycogen

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5
Q

If you have LOW blood glucose the pancreas releases?

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

If you have LOW blood glucose the liver does what?

A

breaks down glycogen

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7
Q

What is the etiology of type 1 diabetes?

A

Idiopathic (unknown)

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8
Q

Type 1 diabetes affects what age group?

A

less than 25

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9
Q

Type 1 diabetes is a result of an _______ reaction to the ______ cells of the pancreas?

A

autoimmune

beta

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10
Q

Type 2 diabetes is due to insulin _______ or ______?

A

resistance

production

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11
Q

What types of medications are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes?

A

oral hypoglycemics

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12
Q

_______ diabetes is a temporary type due to a glucose metabolism disorder?

A

gestational

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13
Q

How many people world wide have diabetes?

A

240 mil

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14
Q

How many cases of diabetes are not diagnose in the U.S. alone?

A

6 mil

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15
Q

What percent of Americans are obese?

A

20

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16
Q

What condition is 20 times greater in diabetics vs. non-diabetics?

A

blindness

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17
Q

Diabetes accounts for 40,000 ______ per year and 20,000 _______?

A

deaths

amputation

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18
Q

What is the most important stimulus for insulin secretion?

A

glucose

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19
Q

Hyperglycemia is also termed?

A

Metabolic Ketoacidosis

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20
Q

Someone who is experiencing __________ will have glucose in their urine?

A

hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)

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21
Q

Why does someone who is hyperglycemic LOOSE weight?

A

body shifts to fat metabolism for energy because glucose can’t be used

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22
Q

Fat metabolism produces ______ which makes the body go into a state of ________ _________?

A

Ketones

Metabolic Acidosis

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23
Q

A patient with type 1 diabetes should have a _______ appointment and we need to have _____ ___ available?

A

morning

glucose tablets

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24
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

superior to both kidneys

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25
Q

Endocrine glands are _______ glands that secrete hormones into the _________?

A

ductless

blood

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26
Q

What 2 structures do adrenal glands contain?

A

outer cortex

inner medula

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27
Q

The adrenal medulla stimulates?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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28
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes _________ into the blood?

A

catecholamines

(epi and nor-epi)

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29
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes?

A

steroids

30
Q

What are the 3 steroids that the adrenal cortex secretes?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Gonadocorticoids

31
Q

What is the PRIMARY glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

32
Q

Cortisol generates the metabolism of what 3 things?

A

Carbs
Fats
Protein

33
Q

Cortisol inhibits _____ and increases _____ levels in the blood?

A

inflammation

glucose

34
Q

Cortisol is responsible for maintaining _______ during stressful times?

A

homeostasis

35
Q

We can administer glucocorticoids to a patient with _____ ______ to decrease the inflammation of the joints?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

36
Q

How much cortisol is secreted in a 24 hour period?

A

20 mg

37
Q

You can reduce the release of cortisol by using what common dental/medical drugs?

A

Morphine
Valium
Local Anesthetic
Nitrous

38
Q

What kind of patients will have long term use of glucocorticoids?

A

immunocompromised

39
Q

What are 3 common DENTAL uses of glucocorticoids?

A

post surgery pain reduction
relieve edema
relieve trismus

40
Q

What is the PRIMARY Mineralcorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

41
Q

Aldosterone is essential for ______ and ____ balance?

A

sodium
potassium
(B/P)

42
Q

What disease is characterized by a decrease in both mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids?

A

Addison’s

43
Q

Addison’s is most likely and _______ disorder but may be a result of a ___ or _____ as well?

A

autoimmune
infection
malignancy

44
Q

Due to a reduced cortisol level in Addison’s disease the tissues may present with abnormal ________?

A

pigmentation

45
Q

A lack of cortisol _____ metabolism?

A

decreases

46
Q

Low Aldosterone causes an inability to _______ sodium and _____ potassium. This causes the person to have ______?

A

conserve
eliminate
hypotension (decreased blood volume)

47
Q

What is the biggest cause of Adrenal Gland Insufficiency?

A

MD prescribes too much cortisol

48
Q

What type of adrenal gland insufficiency is most common and results from exogenous use of corticosteroids?

A

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

49
Q

What is the most common cause of Hyperadrenalism?

A

Cushings

50
Q

Cushings is characterized by an increase in ______

A

cortisol

51
Q

Cushings syndrome is seen clinically as having a _____ face and having weight _____?

A

round/moon

gain

52
Q

Does a patient have to do anything different for routine vs. surgical dental work if they are taking corticosteroids?

A

No for routine

Double dose for surgical work

53
Q

A patient who has hyperadrenalism is at an increased risk for what 2 conditions?

A

hypertension

oseoporosis

54
Q

The thyroid gland sits ______ to the thyroid cartilage?

A

inferior

55
Q

What percent of T3 is produced from T4?

A

87

56
Q

The thyroid gland secretes _______?

A

T4

57
Q

The thyroid gland increases the rate that carbs are burned which therefore increases _____ ____ and produces ______?

A

body temp

energy

58
Q

Thyroid hormones are essential for growth and development of?

A

tissues

59
Q

What condition accounts for 75% of all neck swellings?

A

Goiter

60
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves Disease

61
Q

Graves Disease inhibits what action?

A

TSH from binding to receptors

62
Q

Graves Disease may be a _______ one?

A

cyclic

63
Q

What is the term used to describe an increased level of thyroid hormones in the blood?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

64
Q

Graves disease can be seen clinically as a ______ of the eyes which is termed _______?

A

bulging

Exopthalmos

65
Q

What do we need to do PRIOR to dental treatment for a patient who has uncontrolled hyperthyroidism?

A

MD consult

66
Q

What do we need to do PRIOR to dental treatment for someone who has controlled hyperthyroidism?

A

Limit epinephrine in LA

67
Q

What is the disease of Primary Hypothryroidism?

A

Hashimoto

68
Q

Secondary Hypothyroidism is due to a failure of the _____ gland to secrete ____ to stimulate the thyroid?

A

pituitary

TSH

69
Q

Hypothyroidism may be _____ or ______

A

congenital

acquired

70
Q

What is the definition of Myxedema?

A

Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular fluid

71
Q

What is a congenital hypothyroid problem that presents commonly as dwarfism?

A

Cretinism

72
Q

What 3 medications should we avoid with hypothyroid patients?

A

CNS depressants
Sedatives
Narcotics

Dental Medicine 1 (11 decks)

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