Module 6 (part of test 3) Flashcards
Diabetes Mellitus is due to a ______ or _____ of insulin?
decrease
lack
Hyperglycemia is a ______ disease seen with an increase in vascular _____ and a loss of ______?
Microvascular
Thickness
Elasticity
If you have HIGH blood glucose the pancreas releases what substance?
insulin
If you have HIGH blood glucose the liver does what?
produces glycogen
If you have LOW blood glucose the pancreas releases?
Glucagon
If you have LOW blood glucose the liver does what?
breaks down glycogen
What is the etiology of type 1 diabetes?
Idiopathic (unknown)
Type 1 diabetes affects what age group?
less than 25
Type 1 diabetes is a result of an _______ reaction to the ______ cells of the pancreas?
autoimmune
beta
Type 2 diabetes is due to insulin _______ or ______?
resistance
production
What types of medications are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes?
oral hypoglycemics
_______ diabetes is a temporary type due to a glucose metabolism disorder?
gestational
How many people world wide have diabetes?
240 mil
How many cases of diabetes are not diagnose in the U.S. alone?
6 mil
What percent of Americans are obese?
20
What condition is 20 times greater in diabetics vs. non-diabetics?
blindness
Diabetes accounts for 40,000 ______ per year and 20,000 _______?
deaths
amputation
What is the most important stimulus for insulin secretion?
glucose
Hyperglycemia is also termed?
Metabolic Ketoacidosis
Someone who is experiencing __________ will have glucose in their urine?
hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)
Why does someone who is hyperglycemic LOOSE weight?
body shifts to fat metabolism for energy because glucose can’t be used
Fat metabolism produces ______ which makes the body go into a state of ________ _________?
Ketones
Metabolic Acidosis
A patient with type 1 diabetes should have a _______ appointment and we need to have _____ ___ available?
morning
glucose tablets
Where are the adrenal glands located?
superior to both kidneys
Endocrine glands are _______ glands that secrete hormones into the _________?
ductless
blood
What 2 structures do adrenal glands contain?
outer cortex
inner medula
The adrenal medulla stimulates?
Sympathetic Nervous System
The adrenal medulla secretes _________ into the blood?
catecholamines
(epi and nor-epi)
The adrenal cortex secretes?
steroids
What are the 3 steroids that the adrenal cortex secretes?
Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Gonadocorticoids
What is the PRIMARY glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
Cortisol generates the metabolism of what 3 things?
Carbs
Fats
Protein
Cortisol inhibits _____ and increases _____ levels in the blood?
inflammation
glucose
Cortisol is responsible for maintaining _______ during stressful times?
homeostasis
We can administer glucocorticoids to a patient with _____ ______ to decrease the inflammation of the joints?
rheumatoid arthritis
How much cortisol is secreted in a 24 hour period?
20 mg
You can reduce the release of cortisol by using what common dental/medical drugs?
Morphine
Valium
Local Anesthetic
Nitrous
What kind of patients will have long term use of glucocorticoids?
immunocompromised
What are 3 common DENTAL uses of glucocorticoids?
post surgery pain reduction
relieve edema
relieve trismus
What is the PRIMARY Mineralcorticoid?
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is essential for ______ and ____ balance?
sodium
potassium
(B/P)
What disease is characterized by a decrease in both mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids?
Addison’s
Addison’s is most likely and _______ disorder but may be a result of a ___ or _____ as well?
autoimmune
infection
malignancy
Due to a reduced cortisol level in Addison’s disease the tissues may present with abnormal ________?
pigmentation
A lack of cortisol _____ metabolism?
decreases
Low Aldosterone causes an inability to _______ sodium and _____ potassium. This causes the person to have ______?
conserve
eliminate
hypotension (decreased blood volume)
What is the biggest cause of Adrenal Gland Insufficiency?
MD prescribes too much cortisol
What type of adrenal gland insufficiency is most common and results from exogenous use of corticosteroids?
Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency
What is the most common cause of Hyperadrenalism?
Cushings
Cushings is characterized by an increase in ______
cortisol
Cushings syndrome is seen clinically as having a _____ face and having weight _____?
round/moon
gain
Does a patient have to do anything different for routine vs. surgical dental work if they are taking corticosteroids?
No for routine
Double dose for surgical work
A patient who has hyperadrenalism is at an increased risk for what 2 conditions?
hypertension
oseoporosis
The thyroid gland sits ______ to the thyroid cartilage?
inferior
What percent of T3 is produced from T4?
87
The thyroid gland secretes _______?
T4
The thyroid gland increases the rate that carbs are burned which therefore increases _____ ____ and produces ______?
body temp
energy
Thyroid hormones are essential for growth and development of?
tissues
What condition accounts for 75% of all neck swellings?
Goiter
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves Disease
Graves Disease inhibits what action?
TSH from binding to receptors
Graves Disease may be a _______ one?
cyclic
What is the term used to describe an increased level of thyroid hormones in the blood?
Thyrotoxicosis
Graves disease can be seen clinically as a ______ of the eyes which is termed _______?
bulging
Exopthalmos
What do we need to do PRIOR to dental treatment for a patient who has uncontrolled hyperthyroidism?
MD consult
What do we need to do PRIOR to dental treatment for someone who has controlled hyperthyroidism?
Limit epinephrine in LA
What is the disease of Primary Hypothryroidism?
Hashimoto
Secondary Hypothyroidism is due to a failure of the _____ gland to secrete ____ to stimulate the thyroid?
pituitary
TSH
Hypothyroidism may be _____ or ______
congenital
acquired
What is the definition of Myxedema?
Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular fluid
What is a congenital hypothyroid problem that presents commonly as dwarfism?
Cretinism
What 3 medications should we avoid with hypothyroid patients?
CNS depressants
Sedatives
Narcotics
