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Dental Medicine 1 > Module 4 (part of test 2) > Flashcards

Module 4 (part of test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension is when the blood in _____ is ______ than the space available?

A

vessels

greater

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2
Q

The source of the pressure in Hypertension is?

A

pumping of the heart

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3
Q

Arteries _____ to the heart have the highest pressure?

A

closest (aorta)

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4
Q

Where is the most common place to get an aneurysm?

A

descending aorta

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5
Q

_______ pressure is the pressure created when the ventricles CONTRACT?

A

Systolic (high number)

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6
Q

Diastolic Pressure is when the ventricles _______

A

relax

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7
Q

The resting resistance is modified by the _______ of the arteries?

A

elasticity

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8
Q

Normal BP?

A

120/80

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9
Q

Hypertension BP?

A

160/100

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10
Q

Pre-Hypertensive BP?

A

121/89

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11
Q

What are the 3 factors that create pressure?

A

Cardiac Output
Peripheral Resistance
Blood Volume

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12
Q

What is the basic underlying defect in hypertension?

A

failure in regulating vascular resistance

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13
Q

If you increase viscosity or volume of blood you _______resistance?

A

increase

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14
Q

_______million is the US have hypertension?

A

65

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15
Q

Young- men are at _______ risk

Old- men are at ________risk

A

higher

less

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16
Q

Hypertension is seen with ________Hypertrophy?

A

L ventricular

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17
Q

If hypertension is untreated it will decrease your life span by?

A

10-20 yrs.

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18
Q

Sustained hypertension eventually results in ______ and _______

A

arterial damage

multiple complications

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19
Q

_______ hypertension is found in 90% of hypertensive pts. and has no identifiable cause?

A

Essential-Primary-Idiopathic

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20
Q

Secondary Hypertension is due to?

A

underlying condition

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21
Q

Secondary Hypertension is most commonly due to _______disorders?

A

renal

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22
Q

Hypertensive Oral Manifestations are due to?

A

Medications used to treat hypertension

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23
Q

What are 3 common oral manifestations due to medications used to treat hypertension?

A

Xerostomia
Ulcerations
Lichenoid Reaction

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24
Q

We should avoid using LA with _____ in it for pts. that are hypertensive?

A

epi

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25
Q

An inability of the ventricles to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic demands is termed?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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26
Q

Congestive Heart Failure most often begins with _______?

A

L ventricular failure

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27
Q

Left Ventricular Failure is initiated by?

A

increased workload

Myocardium Disease

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28
Q

Left Ventricular Failure leads to ______ Of the ventricle and _______ in the lungs?

A

hypertrophy

fluid accumulation

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29
Q

Congestive Heart Failure is also referred to as?

A

L Ventricular Failure

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30
Q

What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?

A

L ventricle failure

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31
Q

If the R-side of the heart fails first it is associated with what two problems?

A

congenital heart defects

emphysema

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32
Q

R-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the ________ which causes ______?

A 
peripheral veins
peripheral edema (swollen ankles/feet)
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33
Q

50-60% of pts. with severe symptoms of CHF die within?

A

1 yr

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34
Q

50% of pts. with less severe symptoms of CHF die within?

A

3-5 yrs

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35
Q

NYHA stands for?

A

New York Heart Association

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36
Q

NYHA Class _____ of CHF has MARKED limitation of activity which causes symptoms?

A

3

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37
Q

NYHA class _______ of CHF has no limitations of physical activity?

A

1

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38
Q

NYHA class ________ of CHF has slight limitations of activity and slight symptoms?

A

2

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39
Q

What are the slight symptoms present in a class 2 CHF?

A

fatigue
palpitations
dyspnea

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40
Q

Class 4 CHF has symptoms present at _____ and worsen on ______ physical exertion?

A

rest

any

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41
Q

We CANT use vasoconstrictors (epi) on class ______ or ____

A

3

4

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42
Q

What is the term used to describe alternating episodes of hyperventilation and apnea during sleep?

A

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

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43
Q

A pt. with Heart Failure will have Inspiratory _____ and _____, ______ breathing?

A

rales (crackles)
shallow
rapid

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44
Q

Ascites is defined as?

A

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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45
Q

The peritoneal cavity is?

A

membrane separating the organs in the abdomen.

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46
Q

What is the most common cause of Ascites?

A

liver disease

47
Q

What is pitting edema?

A

pressure indent that persists when pressure is removed.

48
Q

Oral Manifestations of CHF are _____ related?

A

drug

49
Q

Untreated or Uncontrolled CHF:

Should we do elective tx?

A

NO

50
Q

CHF pts. who are under control should be in a ________ chair position and watch for signs of _______ __________?

A

semi-supine

orthostatic hypotension

51
Q

What is the hierarchy of Oxygen Depravation?

A

Coronary Artery Disease leads to
Ischemia which leads to
Infarction

52
Q

Any reduction in blood supply to the heart will result in a?

A

ischemia

53
Q

What is the most common cause of Coronary Artery Diseas?

A

Atherosclerosis

54
Q

What coronary artery is called the “widow maker”

A

L coronary artery

55
Q

Ischemia means?

A

insufficient blood supply

56
Q

In Ischemia the cells are ______ but can’t _____

A

alive

function

57
Q

What is the leading cause of death in ages 65 and older in the U.S.

A

Coronary Artery Disease

58
Q

_ in ___ teenagers already have pathologic initial thickening of coronary arteries?

A

1 in 6

59
Q

____are more likely to have an ischemic heart?

A

men 5:1

60
Q

Myocardial Ischemia is manifested clinically as __ pain called?

A

brief

angina pectoris

61
Q

Myocardial ischemias being with accumulation of?

A

lipid laden cells in blood vessels

62
Q

What are the 3 types of lesions associated with Myocardial Ischemia?

A

fatty streaks
fibrous plaque
complicated plaque

63
Q

Everyone has _______ _______ or early benign deposits in their vessels?

A

fatty streaks

64
Q

A complicated plaque consists of what 4 things?

A

fibrin
fibrous tissue
calcium
lipid deposits

65
Q

The most important symptom of myocardial infarction is?

A

pain

66
Q

If a pt. is having radiating pain in lower jaw this is a huge sign of?

A

Myocardial Infarction

67
Q

____Angina is predictably reproduced and relieved by cessation of activity or with nitro?

A

stable

68
Q

unstable angina has pain that is _____ in frequency and precipitated by ______ effort and occurs while _______ as well?

A

increasing
less
rest

69
Q

Any variation in the normal rhythm of the heart beat is termed a?

A

arrhythmias

70
Q

An arrhythmia may be a disturbance of what 3 things?

A

rate
rhythm
conduction

71
Q

The _____ node is the “pacemaker” of the heart?

A

SA

72
Q

What is the pattern of Sequential Depolarization?

A 
SA node
AV node
Bundle of HIS
R and L bundle branches
Purkinje Fibers
73
Q

What node is considered the “vice president”

A

AV node

74
Q

What is an abnormal conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles which stimulates the ventricles to contract PREMATURELY?

A

Wolff- Parkinson- White

AV tachycardias

75
Q

A heart rate of less than _____/min is called a bradycardia?

A

60

76
Q

_______ is heart rate (at rest) greater than 100/min?

A

tachycardia

77
Q

Ventricular tachycardia almost always occurs with diseased hearts because?

A

heart works too hard to get more oxygen to the body

78
Q

A Fibrillation is a “_______”

A

quiver

79
Q

Ventricular Fibrilations are _____ but _____ contractions?

A

rapid

ineffective

80
Q

_________ disease is the most common form of heart disease predisposing ventricular fibrillation?

A

ischemic heart disease

81
Q

What is the term for NO CONTRACTION of the ventricles?

A

ventricular asystole

82
Q

No pulse = ________

A

ventricular asystole

83
Q

What do you do to treat ventricular asystole?

A

defibrillator

84
Q

What are signs of a slow heart rate?

A

fatigue
dizziness
palpitation

85
Q

What are signs of a SUSTAINED high heart rate?

A

syncope
angina
congestive heart failure

86
Q

What is the tx used most often to fix arrhythmias?

A

medication

87
Q

COPD stands for

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

88
Q

COPD is a general term characterized by _____ airflow ______ from the lungs?

A

chronic

limitation

89
Q

What are the 2 common diseases classified as COPD?

A

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

90
Q

In Emphysema you can’t get air _____?

A

out of lungs

91
Q

What is the most important factor in the etiology of COPD?

A

Smoking

92
Q

Chronic bronchitis has excessive ______ production due to increased size of ____ glands and _____ cells?

A

mucous
mucous
goblet

93
Q

Chronic Bronchitis pts. have a chronic ____ with _____ production?

A

cough

sputum

94
Q

Chronic Bronchitis is caused by a _____ of small airways, mucous _____ or a loss of _____?

A

narrowed/collapsed
plugs
surfactant

95
Q

Emphysema is seen with a loss of _____ ______ and an enlargement of air spaces _____ to the ______ ______?

A

elastic recoil
distal
terminal bronchioles

96
Q

Emphysema complications:
pulmonary ______
___- sided heart failure
low ______

A

hypertension
R
oxygen (hypoxemia)

97
Q

Can you use Nitrous oxide in a pt. with COPD?

A

NO

98
Q

What is a CHRONIC inflammatory respiratory disease termed?

A

Asthma

99
Q

Asthma is associated with increased airway __________

A

hyperresponsiveness

100
Q

Asthma is provoked by?

A

allergens (antigen)

101
Q

Asthma is an ____ respiratory infection?

A

upper

102
Q

Asthma is the result of bronchial smooth muscle _____ and mucous _____

A

spasm

hypersecretion

103
Q

What is the most common cause of Asthma?

A

Extrinsic ( allergens-pollen etc.)

104
Q

Mild asthma occurs?

A

less than 2 x wk

105
Q

Moderate asthma occurs?

A

more than 2 x wk

106
Q

____Asthma limits normal activity and occurs when you sleep as well?

A

severe

107
Q

What can we use on Asthma pts. to decrease stress of dental appts.?

A

Nitrous

108
Q

Do we use LA with or without epi on asthma pts.?

A

without

109
Q

What is the etiology of TB

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

110
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

airborne droplets of mucus or saliva

111
Q

Replication of the TB virus occurs where?

A

in the Macrophage

112
Q

You could have TB and have a NEGATIVE skin test for up to how long?

A

6-8 wks after exposure to virus

113
Q

TB signs and symptoms are _____ and similar to a cold/flu?

A

nonspecific

Dental Medicine 1 (11 decks)

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