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A&P > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

the ear transforms energy from acoustic waves to ?
after leaving the ear auditory information is ?
hearing takes place in the ?

A

electrical impulses the brain can interpret

transmitted and processed in the neural pathway from the ear to the brain

brain

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2
Q

Parts of the auditory system:
1. Outer ear: collects and shapes

  1. middle ear: performs ? to overcome resistance to ?
  2. inner ear: houses the ? as well as the ? which performs temporal and spectral?
  3. neural pathways of the auditory system ?
  4. cerebral cortex:
A

frequency components of soundwaves

impedance matching/ sound transfer into the fluid filled cochlea

vestibular system/ cochlea/ analyses of acoustic signal

(CN VIII and auditory pathway) covey and process auditory signal from cochlea to cerebral cortex

interprets signal - hearing happens here

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3
Q

outer ear: collects and ?
what two components: (aka?) and ?
separated from middle ear by ?

A

and shapes sound

pinna (auricle) and external auditory meatus (ear canal)

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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4
Q

ear canal hair and cerumen:
the outer third of the ear canal has ? these hairs perform a ?

cerumen (aka?) also has useful function. It helps ? it also helps?

A

tiny hairs / protective purpose as they help trap debris

ear wax/ moisten and lubricate the skin of the ear canal/ trap debris

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5
Q

Tympanic Membrane:
three layers :
attaches to ? so it is slightly ?

A 
epithelial (external) 
fibrous (intermediate) 
-radial 
-circular
mucuous membrane (internal)

malleus at the umbo / concave

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6
Q

Middle Ear:
sound is transmitted from the eardrum to the inner ear via ? the ? the smallest ?

eustachian tube connecting middle ear to ? is opened by the ? to provide ? and to ?

A

“bony bridge”/ossicular chain/ bones in the body / malleus incus and stapes

nasopharynx/ tensor veli palatini / oxygen to the middle ear and to equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

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7
Q 
Middle Ear functions: 
overcomes impedance mismatch between an ? and provides a signal gain of about ? 
-difference between the size of the ?
-lever effect ?
-buckling movement of ?

reflexive action of stapedius and tensor tympani ? providing some portection from ?

A

air-filled system and the fluid filled inner ear / 31dB

  • tympanic membrane and the oval window
  • size/mass of malleus compared to stapes
  • tympanic membrane

-stiffens ossicular chain/ loud low frequency sounds

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8
Q

Ossicular connections:

manubrium of malleus attaches to the ?

head of the malleus articulates with the body of the incus via ?

lenticular process of incus articulates with the ?

footplate of the stapes rests in the ?

A

tympanic membrane

malleolar facet

head of the stapes (incudostapedial joint)

-oval window of the temporal bone

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9
Q

Middle ear muscles:

-

attach to ?

smallest ?

A

stapedius
tensor tympani

ossicles

muscles in the human body

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10
Q

Stapedius:

rotates ?

A

footplate of stapes posteriorly stiffening ossicular chain

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11
Q

Tensor tympani: pulls malleus?

A

anteromedially/ stiffening ossicular chain

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12
Q

Eustachian tube: also called ?
aerates ?
-provides ?
-maintains ?

dysfunction can have serious ?

A

auditory tube and pharyngotympanic tube

middle ear

  • oxygen for middle ear tissue
  • pressure equalization between middle ear and outside atmosphere

consequences (negative middle ear pressure, middle ear fluid, infection, conductive hearing loss)

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13
Q

Inner ear:
the inner ear houses ?
it can be divided into three main sections

A

organs of hearing and balance

vestibule
semi-circular canals
cochlea

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14
Q

Bony Labyrinth:
the tunnel like cavities within the petrous portion f the temporal bone are called the ?
the petrous portion of the temporal bone is the most ?
epithelial lining secretes?

A

bony labyrinth (also called the osseous labyrinth)

dense bone in the human body

perilymph

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15
Q 
Membranous Labyrinth: 
like a ? 
doesnt completely fill ?
filled with ?
houses the actual organs of ?
A

fluid filled sac resting within the bony labyrinth

the bony labyrinth

endolymph

balance and hearin g

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16
Q

Vestibule:

Lateral wall of the vestibule contains the ?

vestibule connects to both the ?

the otolithic organs of the vestibular system ? are located in the ?

A

oval window (into which the footplate of the stapes is embedded)

vestibular mechanisms and the hearing mechanisms

utricle and saccule/ vestibule

17
Q

Semi-Circular Canals:
three ring like structures, each oriented in a different plane ?

SC canals open into the ? the vertical canals share an ?

expanded regions near the areas where the SC canals open to the ?

A

at right angles to others (anterior vertical, posterior vertical, and lateral)

vestibule/ aperture, the crus commune

vestibule are called ampullae

18
Q

Cochlea:
contains the organ of ?
often described as a ?
in humans, has about ?

core about which it coils is called the ?
-core of the modioulus is continuous with the ? through which the ? passes

A

hearing
coiled, snail like shape
2 5/8 turns

modiolus
-internal auditory meatus of the temporal bone/ vestibulocohlear nerve (CN VIII) passes

19
Q

organ of corti:
the organ of?
located within the ?
filled with ?

-
-

A

hearing
scala media
-endolymph

stereocilia

  • outer hair cells
  • inner hair cells
  • separated by tunnel of corti
20
Q

Outer hair cells (OHC)

  • approx?
  • arranged in three rows (text says rows broaden to ? near apical end)
  • shaped like
  • tips embedded in ?
  • excitation primarily the result of ? as cilia are ?
  • one to many ? each OHC shares CN VIII innervation with ?
A 
12000
four 
-test tubes 
-tectorial membrane 
-shearing effect / displaced relative to tectorial membrane

-pattern/ 10 other OHCs

21
Q 
Inner Hair Cells (IHC)
approx?
arranged in?
shaped like ?
near ? but not ?
excitation produced by efect of ? 
many to one ? each ihc IS CONNECTED TO AS MANY AS ?
A 
3500
one row 
tear drops or gourds
tectorial membrane/ embedded 
fluid flow and turbulence of endolymph 
innervation pattern/ 10 CN VIII nerve fibers
22
Q

Other Cochlear Areas:
helicotrema: region through which ?
round window: membrane covered opening between?

cochlear aqueduct: tiny opening between ?

A

scala tympani and scala vestibuli comm.

between scala tympani and middle ear

scala tympani and subarachnoid space of cranial cavity

23
Q

Cochlear Membranes:
basiliar membrane: forms ?

tectorial membrane: overlays ?

reissner’s membrane: separates ?

A

floor of scala media (cochlear duct)

hair cells of cochlea

scala vestibuli and scala media (cochlear duct)

24
Q

Frequency Specificity:
healthy young human auditory mechanism is sensitive to frequencies between about ?

cochlea has ? high frequency sounds are resolved at ? and low freq. sounds at the ?

tonotopic org. is also present in the ?

A

20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (approx. 10 octaves)

tonotopic org./basal end/apex

auditory pathways and cerebral cortex of the brain

25
Q

The travelling wave:
georg von bekesy’s work helped establish ?

design of basilar membrane supports ?

freq. components of complex sounds can be processed in ?

A

understanding of this phenomenon

wave action corresponding to stimulus freq.

different portions of the basilar membrane

26
Q

Basilar membrane and freq.:
the basilar membrane’s design contributes to our ability to ?

graded stiffness
graded thickness
graded width

A

analyze freq.

basal end is stiffer than apical end
basal end is thinner than apex
basal end is narrower than apex

27
Q

Freq. perception:

-
-

A

1%

100 Hz vs 101 Hz
1000 Hz vs 1010 Hz
10,000 Hz vs 10,100Hz

28
Q

Retro-Cochlear pathways
information travels through cranial nerve VIII through the ? and up to the ?

decussation ? of nerve fibers allows each side of the brain to ?

A

brainstem/auditory cortex of the brain

(crossing over) receive input from both ears

A&P (18 decks)

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