Module 3 Chapter 4

Question 1

Phonation 
also referred to as? 
the product of ? 
The source of ? 
Speech sounds: 
may be ? 
may be ?

Answer 1

voicing
vibrating vocal folds in the larynx
voice for voiced speech sounds

voiced
voiceless

Question 2

Laryngeal Function
Biologic ?
-protects ?
-prevents ?
expels?
Assists in ?
-
-
-
-
Speech ?

Answer 2

(non-speech) 
-lower respiratory system 
-foreign substances from entering 
-foreign objects (coughing) 
abdominal fixation (breath holding) 
-heavy lifting 
-childbirth 
-defecation 
-vomiting 
phonation

Question 3

Laryngeal Structures and Spaces

Answer 3

Hyoid bone 
Cartilages 
Membranes 
Muscles 
Nerves 
Spaces

Question 4

Hyoid bone: 
larynx is ?
hyoid bone also supports 
important anatomical landmarks 
only bone not attached to?
-corpus is attachment for ?

Answer 4

suspended from the hyoid bone 
root of tongue 
corpus 
greater cornu (attached by ligaments to the thyroid cartilage)
lesser cornu (muscle attachments) 
another bone 
6 muscles

Question 5

cartilages
three unpaired cartilages
three sets paired cartilages

Answer 5

cricoid
thyroid
epiglottis

arytenoid
corniculate
Cuneiform

Question 6

Cricoid cartilage unpaired 
-what cartilage ?
-only laryngeal cartilage to completely ?
-sits on ?
anatomic landmarks: 
1. 
-provides clearance for ?
2.
-provides point of ?
3.
-
-

Answer 6

hyaline
encircle the larynx
trachea

1. anterior arch
   - vocal folds that will pass over that point
2. posterior lamina
   - articulation for arytenoid cartilages
3. articular facets for cartilage joints
   - cricothyroid joint
   - cryoarytenoid joints

Question 7

Thyroid Cartilage (unpaired) 
what cartilage ?
-... cartilage in larynx ?
-superior to the ?
anatomic landmarks 
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer 7

hyaline
largest
cricoid
1. Lamina (there are 2 laminae)
2. angle with the notch (thyroid prominence)
3. superior cornu (ligament attaches to hyoid)
4. inferior cornu (attaches to cricoid at cricothyroid joint)
5. oblique line

Question 8

Cartilage NOT same as ? 
thyroid gland: large ? 
-lies against and around?
-controls rate ?
iodine insufficiency can cause ? 

Parathyroid Glands:

• four small ?
• control ?

Answer 8

Glands

• endocrine gland
• larynx and trachea
• body produces energy from nutrients
• swelling called goiter
• oval glands located on thyroid
• calcium levels in blood

Question 9

Epiglottis (unpaired) 
-
-what shape ?
-important for animals who depend on ?
-attaches to body of ? by ?
attaches to deep surface of angle of ?
spreads upward behind ? 
appears ? from side view

Answer 9

elastic

• leaf shaped cartilage
• sense of smell for safety
• hyoid bone / hyoepiglottic ligament
• thyroid cartilage just below thyroid notch by thyroepiglottic ligament
• hyoid bone and tongue
• s-shaped

Question 10

Arytenoid cartilages (paired) 
what cartilage ?
what shape ?
on superior surface of ?
move in three dimensions: 
anatomic landmarks: 
1.
2.
3.

Answer 10

hyaline 
pyramidal 
cricoid's quadrate lamina 
-rocking motion 
-gliding motion 
-rotating motion 

1. muscular processes: point of attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct vocal folds
2. vocal processes (vocal folds attach here)
3. apex

Question 11

-positioned atop apex of the ?
-not ?

Answer 11

elastic
arytenoid cartilage
present in all humans

Question 12

Cuneiform Cartilages (paired) 
-
-located within the ?
-superior and anterior to ?
-help support the ?

Answer 12

elastic

• aryepiglottic fold
• corniculate cartilages
• membranous laryngeal covering and stiffen aryepiglottic folds

Question 13

Laryngeal Joints 
cricoarytenoid joints: 
-at the articulation of the base of ? and the superior surface of the ?
-affect positioning of ? instrumental in ?
cricothyroid joints: 
-located between each ? and sides of ? 
-allow thyroid to ? or ? thus ? 
-involved in?

Answer 13

each arytenoid / quadrate lamina of the cricoid
-vocal folds/ vocal fold adduction and abduction

thyroid inferior horn/ cricothyroid

• tilt down/cricoid to tilt up / stretching the vocal folds
• F0 regulation

Question 14

Laryngeal Membranes

extrinsic: connect ?
intrinsic: continuous ? connect ?

Answer 14

laryngeal cartilages with adjacent structures

• fibro-elastic sheet lining the entire larynx
• cartilages of larynx and form support for laryngeal cavities and vocal folds

Question 15

Extrinsic Membranes:
cover space between hyoid and thyroid:

attaches epiglottis to hyoid:

attaches epiglottis to thyroid:

attaches epiglottis to tongue:

attaches trachea to larynx:

Answer 15

thyrohyoid membrane
lateral thyrohyoid ligament
Median thyrohyoid ligament

hypoepiglottic ligament

thyroepiglottic ligament

lateral glossoepiglottic ligament
median glossoepiglottic ligament

cricotracheal ligament

Question 16

Intrinsic Membranes 
C
V
Q
A
C
V
T
M

Answer 16

conus elasticus 
vocal ligament 
quadrangular membranes 
aryepiglottic folds 
cricothyroid membrane 
ventricular ligaments (false vocal folds) 
true vocal folds 
mucous membrane

Question 17

Intrinsic muscles: 
adductors: 
-
-
-
Abductor:
-
Tensors: 
-
-
Relaxers:
-
Auxillary:
-
-
-

Answer 17

• lateral cricoarytenoid
• transverse arytenoid
• oblique arytenoid

-posterior cricoarytenoid

• thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid)
• cricothyroid

thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid)

thyroepiglottis (for swallowing)
superior thyroarytenoid
aryepiglottis

Question 18

Extrinsic Muscles
suprahyoid:
infrahyoid:

Answer 18

digastricus (anterior and posterior) 
-stylohyoid 
-mylohyoid 
-geniohyoid 
inferior pharyngeal constrictor 
-thyropharyngeus 
-cricopharyngeus 
-hyoglossus and genioglossus may be included

sternohyoid
omohyoid (superior and inferior)
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid

Question 19

Airway, Valves, and Spaces
airways and spaces: 
-
-
-
-
-
valves: 
-
-
-

Answer 19

ventricle 
pyriform sinus 
vallecula 
laryngeal ventricle
glottis 

aryepiglottic folds
ventricular (false) folds
true vocal folds

Question 20

glottis: space between
variable sphincter permits
two divisions:
size and shape of glottis ? depends upon ?

Answer 20

true vocal folds
voicing

membranous glottis: anterior 3/5
cartilaginous glottis: posterior 2/5

varies/ vocal fold position

Question 21

Vocal fold layers:

Answer 21

epithelium 
superficial lamina propia (elastin, also known as Reinke's space)
intermediate lamina propria (elastin)
deep lamina propria (collagen) 
thyroarytenoud muslces 
-thyrovocalis
-thyromuscularis

Question 22

Elasticity (you know what it is)

stiffness: refers to the strength of the forces ?
inertia: property of mass dictating that a ?

Answer 22

given material that restore it to its original shape

-body in motion tends to stay in motion

Question 23

vibration is ?
frequency of vibration:
frequency and period are?
as mass increases frequency of vibration ?

Answer 23

periodic (repeats itself in predictable fashion)
how often a cycle of vibration repeats itself
inverse of each other ( F=1/T)
decreases

Question 24

Myoelastic- Aerodynamic Theory

myo: muscles bring ?
elastic: elasticity of vocal folds brings them back into?
aerodynamic: airflow and pressure power ?

Answer 24

vocal folds into position to create voice and alter vibration rate
position to maintain vibration

phonation and set vocal folds into motion