Module 3 Chapter 5

Question 1

Bernoulli Effect

given a constant flow of air (or fluid) at a point of constriction, there will be

Answer 1

a decrease in pressure perpendicular to the flow

an increase in velocity of the flow

Question 2

Single cycle

Answer 2

make separate paper

Question 3

VF vibrations: 
the layered structure and differences in composition of layers cause the vocal folds to ? 
vertical mode 
-open from 
-close from 

anterior-posterior mode (longitudinal phase difference)

• open from
• close from

the timing differences cause an undulating motion called ?

Answer 3

vibrate in a very complex way

bottom to top
bottom to top

back to front
medial edge to back

mucosal wave

Question 4

laryngeal adjustments:
vocal attack:
sustained phonation:
terminate phonation:

Answer 4

adduct vocal folds and bring them into airstream to begin phonation

hold vocal folds in fixed position in airstream; aerodynamics of phonation control actual vibration

abduct vocal folds

Question 5

Types of Vocal Attack
simultaneous vocal attack: adduction and onset of respiration?
breathy vocal attack:
glottal attack:

Answer 5

are coordinated to occur simultaneously

significant airflow begins before the vocal folds are adducted

adduction of vocal folds begins before airflow

Question 6

Vocal Fundamental Frequency 
the lowest frequency tone in the ?
the number of times ?
impacted by ?
also written as?

Answer 6

complex tonal spectrum of speech

vocal folds vibrate per second

gender and age

F0 or f0

Question 7

Vocal Folds, F0, and Harmonics
vocal folds have ?
they also ?
Harmonics:

Answer 7

one primary F0
produce an extremely rich set of harmonics
whole number multiples of the F0

Question 8

Variations in F0
alterations in
alterations in
alterations in

Answer 8

length (developmental changes with age)
thickness (male vocal folds typically have more mass)
stiffness (most important changes we make in everyday conversational speech)

Question 9

F0 Information 
F0 is affected by ?
average values (estimates vary) 
infant 
child 
adult female 
adult male

Answer 9

age and gender

400-500hz
240-300hz
200-240hz
110-135hz

Question 10

the reason for the difference in fundamental frequency between males and females has everything to do with ?

Answer 10

tissue mass and length of the vocal folds

Question 11

mass, length and stiffness
length is inversely related to ?
mass is inversely related to ?
stiffness is directly related to frequency of ?

Answer 11

frequency of vibration; as length increases, vibration frequency decreases

frequency of vibration as mass increases , vibration frequency decreases

vibration; as stiffness increases, vibration frequency increases

Question 12

F0 Factors:
increasing tension of the vocal folds will?
mass of the vocal folds is ? but can be ?
-when vocal folds are stretched by contraction of tensors,
-as mass per unit length increases, tension? and fundamental frequency?
near falsetto range, however, ?

Answer 12

increase the natural frequency of vibration
constant/re-arranged by lengthening
mass per unit length of vocal folds decreases, increasing fundamental frequency
decreases/decreases

things change (p 272-273)

Question 13

Vocal Pitch 
pitch is the psychological?
optimal pitch: 
-most ?
-varies with ?
Habitual pitch: 
-most often used by 
-ideally should be the same or similar to ?
-inappropriate habitual pitch may?

Answer 13

correlate of frequency

• efficient or appropriate for an individual
• gender, age, and speech task

an individual
optimal pitch
negatively impact vocal efficiency and effort

Question 14

Vocal Registers: perceptually based ?
-
-
modal
-
-
-
-
-

Answer 14

differentiations 
pule 
modal 
-normal or typical 
-pressed
-breathy
falsetto 
whistle

Question 15

modal register
- what or what speech quality
-
-most ?

Answer 15

normal or typical
phonatory pattern of normal daily conversational speech
most efficient use of vocal mechanism

Question 16

glottal fry
low in ? sounds?
low?
secondary?

Answer 16

pitch/ rough
subglottal pressure
syncopated mode of vibration

Question 17

Pressed speech
caused by increased ?
voice quality sounds ?
abusive pattern can cause

Answer 17

medial compression of the vocal folds
harsh, strident, forced
damage to the vocal folds

Question 18

Breathy speech
-inadequate ?
inefficient use of ?
does not actually cause ? but may be a symptom of

Answer 18

approximation of vocal folds allows excessive air escape
vocal mechanism
damage to vocal mechanism/ organic problems (polyps, nodules, etc)

Question 19

Pulse
pulse register is also called ?
vocal folds have ?
pitch sounds very ? vocal quality sounds ?
has been described as sounding ?
can occur ? but can cause ?

Answer 19

glottal fry 
secondary syncopated vibration mode 
low/rough 
crackly
normally at ends of phrases and sentences/ problems if used habitually

Question 20

Falsetto and whistle:
falsetto 
sounds very ?
whistle: 
the register ?
product of ?

Answer 20

high and thin (reed-like)

above falsetto
turbulence rather than vibration pattern

Question 21

Whispering
not a true ? because no?
turbulence caused by ?
what what and can cause?

Answer 21

phonatory mode/ voicing occurs
partially-abducted vocal folds creates noise source
inefficient, strenuous, / vocal fatigue

Question 22

Vocal intensity
intensity is controlled by ?
increasing medial compression of the vocal folds ?
decreasing medial compression of the vocal folds ?

in normal speech, vocal intensity ? and is impacted by ?

Answer 22

subglottal pressure

• increases subglottal pressure
• decreases subglottal pressure

varies continuously/ prosody, linguistic factors, mood, emotion etc

Question 23

Vocal Loudness:
loudness is the ?
increased subglottal pressure ?
intensity and frequency are controlled ? BUT use ? so it can be very difficult for an untrained speaker or singer to ?

Answer 23

psychological correlate of intensity
increases vocal intensity
independently / same mechanism / increase intensity without increasing pitch

Question 24

suprasegmentals (prosody)
the term suprasegmentals is often used to refer to elements of ?
These include:
different languages have ?
problems in the phonatory system can impact ? thereby impacting ?

Answer 24

prosody (systems of stress used to convey and or vary meaning in speech) 
-pitch 
-intonation
-loudness
-stress
-duration 
-rhythm 
different prosodic features
prosody/ linguistic aspects of speech