Module 3 Chapter 5 Flashcards
Bernoulli Effect
given a constant flow of air (or fluid) at a point of constriction, there will be
a decrease in pressure perpendicular to the flow
an increase in velocity of the flow
Single cycle
make separate paper
VF vibrations: the layered structure and differences in composition of layers cause the vocal folds to ? vertical mode -open from -close from
anterior-posterior mode (longitudinal phase difference)
- open from
- close from
the timing differences cause an undulating motion called ?
vibrate in a very complex way
bottom to top
bottom to top
back to front
medial edge to back
mucosal wave
laryngeal adjustments:
vocal attack:
sustained phonation:
terminate phonation:
adduct vocal folds and bring them into airstream to begin phonation
hold vocal folds in fixed position in airstream; aerodynamics of phonation control actual vibration
abduct vocal folds
Types of Vocal Attack
simultaneous vocal attack: adduction and onset of respiration?
breathy vocal attack:
glottal attack:
are coordinated to occur simultaneously
significant airflow begins before the vocal folds are adducted
adduction of vocal folds begins before airflow
Vocal Fundamental Frequency the lowest frequency tone in the ? the number of times ? impacted by ? also written as?
complex tonal spectrum of speech
vocal folds vibrate per second
gender and age
F0 or f0
Vocal Folds, F0, and Harmonics
vocal folds have ?
they also ?
Harmonics:
one primary F0
produce an extremely rich set of harmonics
whole number multiples of the F0
Variations in F0
alterations in
alterations in
alterations in
length (developmental changes with age)
thickness (male vocal folds typically have more mass)
stiffness (most important changes we make in everyday conversational speech)
F0 Information F0 is affected by ? average values (estimates vary) infant child adult female adult male
age and gender
400-500hz
240-300hz
200-240hz
110-135hz
the reason for the difference in fundamental frequency between males and females has everything to do with ?
tissue mass and length of the vocal folds
mass, length and stiffness
length is inversely related to ?
mass is inversely related to ?
stiffness is directly related to frequency of ?
frequency of vibration; as length increases, vibration frequency decreases
frequency of vibration as mass increases , vibration frequency decreases
vibration; as stiffness increases, vibration frequency increases
F0 Factors:
increasing tension of the vocal folds will?
mass of the vocal folds is ? but can be ?
-when vocal folds are stretched by contraction of tensors,
-as mass per unit length increases, tension? and fundamental frequency?
near falsetto range, however, ?
increase the natural frequency of vibration
constant/re-arranged by lengthening
mass per unit length of vocal folds decreases, increasing fundamental frequency
decreases/decreases
things change (p 272-273)
Vocal Pitch pitch is the psychological? optimal pitch: -most ? -varies with ? Habitual pitch: -most often used by -ideally should be the same or similar to ? -inappropriate habitual pitch may?
correlate of frequency
- efficient or appropriate for an individual
- gender, age, and speech task
an individual
optimal pitch
negatively impact vocal efficiency and effort
Vocal Registers: perceptually based ? - - modal - - - - -
differentiations pule modal -normal or typical -pressed -breathy falsetto whistle
modal register
- what or what speech quality
-
-most ?
normal or typical
phonatory pattern of normal daily conversational speech
most efficient use of vocal mechanism
glottal fry
low in ? sounds?
low?
secondary?
pitch/ rough
subglottal pressure
syncopated mode of vibration
Pressed speech
caused by increased ?
voice quality sounds ?
abusive pattern can cause
medial compression of the vocal folds
harsh, strident, forced
damage to the vocal folds
Breathy speech
-inadequate ?
inefficient use of ?
does not actually cause ? but may be a symptom of
approximation of vocal folds allows excessive air escape
vocal mechanism
damage to vocal mechanism/ organic problems (polyps, nodules, etc)
Pulse pulse register is also called ? vocal folds have ? pitch sounds very ? vocal quality sounds ? has been described as sounding ? can occur ? but can cause ?
glottal fry secondary syncopated vibration mode low/rough crackly normally at ends of phrases and sentences/ problems if used habitually
Falsetto and whistle: falsetto sounds very ? whistle: the register ? product of ?
high and thin (reed-like)
above falsetto
turbulence rather than vibration pattern
Whispering
not a true ? because no?
turbulence caused by ?
what what and can cause?
phonatory mode/ voicing occurs
partially-abducted vocal folds creates noise source
inefficient, strenuous, / vocal fatigue
Vocal intensity
intensity is controlled by ?
increasing medial compression of the vocal folds ?
decreasing medial compression of the vocal folds ?
in normal speech, vocal intensity ? and is impacted by ?
subglottal pressure
- increases subglottal pressure
- decreases subglottal pressure
varies continuously/ prosody, linguistic factors, mood, emotion etc
Vocal Loudness:
loudness is the ?
increased subglottal pressure ?
intensity and frequency are controlled ? BUT use ? so it can be very difficult for an untrained speaker or singer to ?
psychological correlate of intensity
increases vocal intensity
independently / same mechanism / increase intensity without increasing pitch
suprasegmentals (prosody)
the term suprasegmentals is often used to refer to elements of ?
These include:
different languages have ?
problems in the phonatory system can impact ? thereby impacting ?
prosody (systems of stress used to convey and or vary meaning in speech) -pitch -intonation -loudness -stress -duration -rhythm different prosodic features prosody/ linguistic aspects of speech
