Chapter 2

Question 1

Respiration

four basic stages

Answer 1

exchange of gas between an organism and its environment 
ventilation
distribution 
perfusion 
diffusion

Question 2

Pressure
pressure=
air pressure:
if a chamber is open to the atmosphere ?

Answer 2

force distributed over area
F/A
force exerted on the walls of a chamber by molecules of air
-pressure exerted on the chamber’s inner walls will be the same as pressure exerted on the chamber’s outer walls

Question 3

boyle’s law
if temp. remains constant…
increasing the chamber volume causes a ?
conversely decreasing the chamber volume causes an

Answer 3

decrease in pressure

increase in pressure

Question 4

Flow to Low

Answer 4

air molecules flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Question 5

Human Respiratory System 
Gas exchange system: 
-oxygen is transported from ? and carbon dioxide is transported ?
gas exchange occurs in the ?
bony framework:

Answer 5

the outside world /transported to the outside world through the respiratory system
-minute alveoli (air sacs)

protects and supports

Question 6

respiratory structures

bony thorax:

Answer 6

vertebrae-vertebral column
ribs and attachments to vertebral columns 
pectoral girdle 
sternum 
pelvic girdle

Question 7

respiratory structures

visceral thorax

Answer 7

respiratory passageway
lungs
mediastinum

Question 8

respiratory structures

respiratory muscles

Answer 8

diaphragm
accessory muscles of inspiration
accessory muscles of expiration
muscles of postural control

Question 9

protective cage 
the respiratory system is protected within the?
bony cage
-sternum in 
-ribs in?
-spinal column in?
diaphragm muscle at?

Answer 9

thorax
-front
-in front and on sides
-back 
bottom

Question 10

vertebral column 
-how many vertebrae?
how many sections ?
numbered?
what function?

Answer 10

30+ bony vertebrae (total depends on how you count coccyx)
5
sequentially from top to bottom
house and protect spinal cord

Question 11

vertebral landmarks 
C
V
T
S
A

Answer 11

Corpus (body) 
vertebral foramen 
transverse process
spinous process
articular facets

Question 12

cervical vertebrae 
how many cervical vertebrae
C1?
C2?
paired transverse foramina ?
-found in ? and may be absent in ?
your text says the first prominent spinous process you can feel in your neck is ?

Answer 12

7 - C1-C7
(atlas) supports skull for rotation 
(axis) skull pivots on this 
allowing passage of vertebral arteries / only in cervical vertebrae/ C7 
C7

Question 13

Thoracic Vertebrae 
how many ?
provide basis for ?
thoracic vertebrae have larger?
intervertebral foramina allow ?
superior and inferior costal facets are ?

Answer 13

12 - T1-T12
respiratory framework (posterior point of attachment for ribs)
-spinous process and transverse process
-spinal nerves to communicate with the spinal cord
-points of attachment for the ribs

Question 14

Thoracic Vertebrae & Ribs
ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 have ?
ribs 2-9 attach to ? and to the ?

Answer 14

one to one arrangement with thoracic vertebrae

transverse process/ corpus of the same numbered thoracic vertebrae as well as to the body of the vertebra above

Question 15

Lumbar Vertebrae
how many?
larger than ? transverse and spinous processes are relatively ? but ?
bear stress of?
provide direct or indirect attachments for many ?

Answer 15

5 - L1-L5
cervical or thoracic vertebrae/smaller/corpus is much larger
ambulation and lifting
back and abdominal muscles and for posterior fibers of diaphragm

Question 16

Sacrum and Coccyx
how many sacral vertebrae ? they ? as we age , referred to as?
sacral foramina provides?
3-5 coccygeal vertebrae are? referred to as?
coccyx attached to the sacrum by the ?

Answer 16

5 (S1-S5) / fuse/ sacrum
passageway for sacral nerves
fused/ single bone “coccyx”
sacrococcygeal symphysis; a fibrocartilaginous joint that allows very limited movement

Question 17

pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
clavicle
scapula
forms socket for ?

Answer 17

collar bone
shoulder bone
humerus

Question 18

pelvic girdle

Answer 18

sacrum (&coccyx) 
innominate (hip) bone 
-ilium 
-ischium 
-pubis 
bears weight, protects

Question 19

rib cage

• how many pairs of true ribs
• how many pairs of false ribs
• how many pairs of floating ribs

Answer 19

7 (vertebrosternal)
3 (vertebrochondral)
2 (articulate only with vertebral column)

Question 20

ribs - name parts

Answer 20

head
neck
shaft
angle

Question 21

sternum “aka”
attaches to ?
three main components

Answer 21

breastbone 
clavicle and ribs 
manubrium
corpus 
xiphoid (ensiform) process

Question 22

respiratory tract 
carries air from ?
what and what entering air 
what sections 
multiple ?

Answer 22

outside world to lungs
warms and humidifies
upper and lower
filtering functions throughout the system

Question 23

respiratory filtering 
nostril hairs: 
goblet cells in ? 
submucosal glands: 
cilia lining respiratory passageway from ? 
lymphatic system:

Answer 23

first line of defense/ ttrap particles larger than 10 microns
-mucosal lining : secrete lubricant to trap pollutants
-secrete lubricant to trap pollutants
-nose to beginning of bronchi: bat more than 1000 times per second
final cleaning stage

Question 24

Trachea and bronchial tree
trachea is both ?
adult trachea is approx?
runs from ?
divides to 2 mainstream bronchii at?
continues to ?

Answer 24

rigid and flexible 
11 cm. long 
inferior larynx 
carina trachea 
branch to the respiratory bronchioles serving the alveolar air sacs

Question 25

trachea
approx. how many cartilage rings
rings are how many centimeters wide and how many centimeters in diameter
gaps between rings spanned by ? in constant state of ?
-rings are ? allowing?
interior surface lined with ? from which protruding ?

Answer 25

16-20
0.4 - 0.5/ 2.0 - 2.5
smooth muscles/ contraction
discontinuous in the posterior aspect, diamteer changes (depending upon indiv. oxygen requirements at any given time)
epithelium/ cilia act as filtering system

Question 26

Trachea diameter changes
trachea's smooth muscles in a steady state of ? keeping tracheal tube in state of ?
if indiv. oxygen needs increase
-smooth muscle? 
-diameter of trachea ?
-increased amounts of ?

Answer 26

contraction/constriction

• relaxes so that
• increase so that
• oxygen delivered to the system

Question 27

The bronchial tree
the trachea ?
the angle on the right is about 
the angle on the left is about 
the tree continues to ? into increasingly ? 
the final branches, the ?, are about .... in diameter 
-end in 
-serve ?

Answer 27

bifurcates into left and right mainstream bronchii at the carina trachea
-20-30 degree
-45-55 degrees
branch /smaller tubes as it progresses deeper into lungs
terminal respiratory bronchioles/ 1mm
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar air sacs

Question 28

lungs 
-
-
not held in place by ?
-move 
- how many lobes 
-gas exchange takes place in ?

Answer 28

elastic 
porous 
-ligaments ro cartilage 
-passively 
-5 lobes (3 right , 2 left) 
small air sacs ( alveoli)

Question 29

apartment house analogy 
respiratory exchange may be viewed as a series of ?
-respiratory bronchioles are ?
-alveolar ducts are ?
-alveoli are ?

Answer 29

apartment buildings

• entryways for each apartment building
• passageways to indiv. apartments
• indiv. apartments

Question 30

Alveoli 
alveoli are approx. ... in diameter 
mature lungs contain approx. ?
alveoli ? 
extremely thin? promote ?
contain? reducing ? and keeping ?

Answer 30

1/4 mm
millions of alveoli ( 300 mil. to 700 mil.)
do the real work of respiration , exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
alveolar walls ( .35 - 2.5 microns)/ rapid gas transfer
surfactant/ surface tension on alveolar walls/ alveoli inflated (instead of being pulled inward during inspiration)