Chapter 3

Question 1

Elasticity, gravity and Torque 
elasticity: lungs are highly 
they will be ? depending upon?
gravity: acts on ? 
maximizes overall? 
torque: rib cage is under ? when relaxed; inspiration in normal respiration?
may be a factor for ?

Answer 1

elastic and porous
compressed or expanded/ available space
ribs (pulls them down) after expansion during inspiration
capacity by pulling abdominal viscera down

negative torque when relaxed; moves rib cage to neutral position 
deep inhalation (60% or more of vital capacity)

Question 2

breathing patterns

Answer 2

clavicular (shoulder breathing)
thoracic (chest breathing)
diaphragmatic (abdominal breathing)

Question 3

clavicular breathing
-thorax expansion results primarily when ?
often an ?
allows only ?

Answer 3

accessory muscles of inspiration (especially the sternocleidomastoid) elevate rib cage
adaptive response to injury or pathology
small increase in thorax size so inefficient

Question 4

Thoracic breathing
thorax expansion results primarily from ? usually?
may be seen with conditions such as ?
individuals with the breathing pattern may be
not ?

Answer 4

action of chest muscles/ intercostals
anxiety disorders, asthma, hyperventilation, pulmonary edema, shock etc
unaware
optimally efficient

Question 5

diaphragmatic breathing 
thorax expansion results primarily from ? 
most ? 
may be ?
examples

Answer 5

primarily from action of the diaphragm
efficient form
studied/taught
singers, speakers, actors

Question 6

quiet respiration cycle 
cycle= 
diaphragm 
increase ? 
air rushes 
diaphragm 
decreases ? 
air ?

Answer 6

1 inhalation one exhalation
contracts (intercostal elevate rib cage)
volume in lungs so pressure is below atmospheric pressure
into lungs
relaxes (intercostals lower rib cage)
volume in lungs so pressure is above atmospheric pressure
rushes out of lungs

Question 7

quiet tidal respiration (adults)
average of ? cycle per minute
approx. how many liters of air per cycle
about ? millimeters of air processed every minute (referred to as )
these values will ?

Answer 7

12-18
1/2
6000-8000 (minute volume)
increase during effortful action (work)

Question 8

Instrumentation
spirometer:
manometer:

Answer 8

used to measure respiratory flow, volume and capacity

used to measure air pressure

Question 9

respiratory volumes: 
Tidal volume 
volume of ? 
will vary depending on 
textbook says average at rest is about ? for males and ? for females 
increases ?

Answer 9

air breathed during a respiratory cycle
exertion, body size, age
600cc/450cc
significantly with effort

Question 10

Resting Expiratory Level (REL)
state of ? when ?
also called 
air is neither ? 
estimates range from ? 
muscles of respiration are all at

Answer 10

equilibrium at the end of quiet exhalations/ alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
end-expiratory level (EEL)
entering nor exiting (some air remains in lungs and could be forcibly exhaled)
30-45% of Vital Capacity
at rest

Question 11

Inspiratory Reserve Volume 
volume of air that can be ?
the IRV is the volume of air ?
for average adults this can be more than 
useful for ?

Answer 11

inhaled after tidal inspiration
in reserve for use beyond tidal volume
2 liters
supporting long or loud utterances

Question 12

Expiratory Reserve Volume 
amount of air that can be ? 
volume present in ?
for adults this is about ? 
also referred to as

Answer 12

expired after passive tidal expiration (below TV) 
resting lungs after passive exhalation 
a liter (some estimates say 1000 to 2000 cc)
Resting Lung Volume (RLV)

Question 13

Residual Volume 
volume remaining in lungs after ? 
cannot be ? 
serves as ? 
acquired ?
for adults average a bit more than

Answer 13

maximum exhalation 
voluntarily eliminated 
buffer 
space; not present in newborns 
1 liter

Question 14

Dead air space
air in ?
for adults average about
is included in

Answer 14

passageways not involved in gas exchange
150 cc
residual volume

Question 15

respiratory capacities
TLC (total lung capacity)

vital capacity

functional residual capacity

inspiratory capacity

Answer 15

IRV+TV+ERV+RV

IRV+TV+ERV

ERV+RV

TV+IRV

Question 16

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
sum of

total volume of air ?

adults average about ?

tlc =

Answer 16

all volumes

lungs are capable of holding

5100 cc

TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Question 17

Vital Capacity 
most often cited in?
maximum amount of air ? 
represents capacity available for ?
textbook says approx. ?
VC=

Answer 17

CSD literature 
that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation 
all purposes, including speech 
4000 cc for average adult
IRV+ERV+TV

Question 18

Functional residual capacity 
volume of air remaining in body after ? 
total amount of air in lungs below ?
textbook estimates ? 
FRC=

Answer 18

passive exhalation
REL
2550 cc for average adults

ERV+RV

Question 19

Inspiratory capacity 
maximum inspiratory volume possible after ? 
refers to ?
textbook estimates average of about ?
IC=

Answer 19

tidal expiration (maximum amount that can be inhaled above REL)
capacity of lungs for inspiration
3000 cc for adults
TV+IRV

Question 20

capacities and energy efficiency
the most efficient range of respiration for life is to ?
RLV is approx. ?
we tend to keep our VC near the ? depending on ?
loud speech may require

Answer 20

maintain VC at approx. RLV
38% of VC
RLV regions for conversational speech/volume
80% of VC

Question 21

Respiratory pressures
atmospheric pressure: pressure in
-other pressures are relative to ? treat as a ?
intraoral pressure: pressure in (often used to estimate ?)
subglottal pressure: pressure beow
-minimum requirement for speech =
alveolar pressure : pressure in ?
-quiet tidal inspiration drops to about
-during expiration, rises to ?
intrapleural pressure: pressure between ?
-negative throughout

Answer 21

atmosphere
Patm/ constant zero

in mouth (tracheal pressure)

vocal folds
- 3-5 cm H2O

individual alveoli

• -2 cm H20
• +2 cm H20

parietal and visceral pleurae
respiration

Question 22

relaxation pressure 
pressure produced by ?
varies depending on the degree to which ?
-volume above REL associated with 
-volume below REL associated with

Answer 22

non muscular (recoil) forces of respiratory mechanism

lung volume is above or below REL

positive pressure (passive exhalation) 
negative pressure (passive exhalation)

Question 23

Relaxation pressure and VC
at lung volumes above 55% of VC both the lungs and the chest wall ? so they provide ?
at volumes below 55% of VC lungs and chest wall

Answer 23

recoil inward, positive relaxation pressure

work in opposition to each other

Question 24

Relaxation pressure and REL
at volumes above REL
-reduce ?
increase?

at volumes below REL:
reduce
increase

Answer 24

relaxation pressure and lower pressure of air going out of lungs using muscles of inhalation
relaxation pressure and raise pressure of air going out of lungs using muscles of exhalation

same except for

• use muscles of exhalation
• use muscles of inhalation

Question 25

respiration patterns
quiet (normal pattern):
what percent inhalation what percent exhalation

forced respiration:
inhalation may be

speech respiration
inhalation? exhalation?

Answer 25

40% 60%

longer than exhalation

10% 90%

Question 26

speech volume and Psg
the main target during speech respiration is maintaining ?
subglottal pressure and speech volume in kPa
soft:
normal:
loud:

Answer 26

a steady output of subglottal pressure

min. approx 0.35
approx 0.5-1.0
1.2-1.5

Question 27

checking action 
muscles of inspiration are used to ?
important for ?
allows maitenance of constant air flow in order to control?
deficits in checking action will ?

Answer 27

impede outward flow of air during speech respiration

efficient speech

subglottal air pressure and maintain constant vocal intensity and frequency

restrict a speaker to very short bursts of speech