Chapter 3 Flashcards
Elasticity, gravity and Torque elasticity: lungs are highly they will be ? depending upon? gravity: acts on ? maximizes overall? torque: rib cage is under ? when relaxed; inspiration in normal respiration? may be a factor for ?
elastic and porous
compressed or expanded/ available space
ribs (pulls them down) after expansion during inspiration
capacity by pulling abdominal viscera down
negative torque when relaxed; moves rib cage to neutral position deep inhalation (60% or more of vital capacity)
breathing patterns
clavicular (shoulder breathing)
thoracic (chest breathing)
diaphragmatic (abdominal breathing)
clavicular breathing
-thorax expansion results primarily when ?
often an ?
allows only ?
accessory muscles of inspiration (especially the sternocleidomastoid) elevate rib cage
adaptive response to injury or pathology
small increase in thorax size so inefficient
Thoracic breathing
thorax expansion results primarily from ? usually?
may be seen with conditions such as ?
individuals with the breathing pattern may be
not ?
action of chest muscles/ intercostals
anxiety disorders, asthma, hyperventilation, pulmonary edema, shock etc
unaware
optimally efficient
diaphragmatic breathing thorax expansion results primarily from ? most ? may be ? examples
primarily from action of the diaphragm
efficient form
studied/taught
singers, speakers, actors
quiet respiration cycle cycle= diaphragm increase ? air rushes diaphragm decreases ? air ?
1 inhalation one exhalation
contracts (intercostal elevate rib cage)
volume in lungs so pressure is below atmospheric pressure
into lungs
relaxes (intercostals lower rib cage)
volume in lungs so pressure is above atmospheric pressure
rushes out of lungs
quiet tidal respiration (adults)
average of ? cycle per minute
approx. how many liters of air per cycle
about ? millimeters of air processed every minute (referred to as )
these values will ?
12-18
1/2
6000-8000 (minute volume)
increase during effortful action (work)
Instrumentation
spirometer:
manometer:
used to measure respiratory flow, volume and capacity
used to measure air pressure
respiratory volumes: Tidal volume volume of ? will vary depending on textbook says average at rest is about ? for males and ? for females increases ?
air breathed during a respiratory cycle
exertion, body size, age
600cc/450cc
significantly with effort
Resting Expiratory Level (REL) state of ? when ? also called air is neither ? estimates range from ? muscles of respiration are all at
equilibrium at the end of quiet exhalations/ alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
end-expiratory level (EEL)
entering nor exiting (some air remains in lungs and could be forcibly exhaled)
30-45% of Vital Capacity
at rest
Inspiratory Reserve Volume volume of air that can be ? the IRV is the volume of air ? for average adults this can be more than useful for ?
inhaled after tidal inspiration
in reserve for use beyond tidal volume
2 liters
supporting long or loud utterances
Expiratory Reserve Volume amount of air that can be ? volume present in ? for adults this is about ? also referred to as
expired after passive tidal expiration (below TV) resting lungs after passive exhalation a liter (some estimates say 1000 to 2000 cc) Resting Lung Volume (RLV)
Residual Volume volume remaining in lungs after ? cannot be ? serves as ? acquired ? for adults average a bit more than
maximum exhalation voluntarily eliminated buffer space; not present in newborns 1 liter
Dead air space
air in ?
for adults average about
is included in
passageways not involved in gas exchange
150 cc
residual volume
respiratory capacities
TLC (total lung capacity)
vital capacity
functional residual capacity
inspiratory capacity
IRV+TV+ERV+RV
IRV+TV+ERV
ERV+RV
TV+IRV
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
sum of
total volume of air ?
adults average about ?
tlc =
all volumes
lungs are capable of holding
5100 cc
TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Vital Capacity most often cited in? maximum amount of air ? represents capacity available for ? textbook says approx. ? VC=
CSD literature that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation all purposes, including speech 4000 cc for average adult IRV+ERV+TV
Functional residual capacity volume of air remaining in body after ? total amount of air in lungs below ? textbook estimates ? FRC=
passive exhalation
REL
2550 cc for average adults
ERV+RV
Inspiratory capacity maximum inspiratory volume possible after ? refers to ? textbook estimates average of about ? IC=
tidal expiration (maximum amount that can be inhaled above REL)
capacity of lungs for inspiration
3000 cc for adults
TV+IRV
capacities and energy efficiency
the most efficient range of respiration for life is to ?
RLV is approx. ?
we tend to keep our VC near the ? depending on ?
loud speech may require
maintain VC at approx. RLV
38% of VC
RLV regions for conversational speech/volume
80% of VC
Respiratory pressures
atmospheric pressure: pressure in
-other pressures are relative to ? treat as a ?
intraoral pressure: pressure in (often used to estimate ?)
subglottal pressure: pressure beow
-minimum requirement for speech =
alveolar pressure : pressure in ?
-quiet tidal inspiration drops to about
-during expiration, rises to ?
intrapleural pressure: pressure between ?
-negative throughout
atmosphere
Patm/ constant zero
in mouth (tracheal pressure)
vocal folds
- 3-5 cm H2O
individual alveoli
- -2 cm H20
- +2 cm H20
parietal and visceral pleurae
respiration
relaxation pressure pressure produced by ? varies depending on the degree to which ? -volume above REL associated with -volume below REL associated with
non muscular (recoil) forces of respiratory mechanism
lung volume is above or below REL
positive pressure (passive exhalation) negative pressure (passive exhalation)
Relaxation pressure and VC
at lung volumes above 55% of VC both the lungs and the chest wall ? so they provide ?
at volumes below 55% of VC lungs and chest wall
recoil inward, positive relaxation pressure
work in opposition to each other
Relaxation pressure and REL
at volumes above REL
-reduce ?
increase?
at volumes below REL:
reduce
increase
relaxation pressure and lower pressure of air going out of lungs using muscles of inhalation
relaxation pressure and raise pressure of air going out of lungs using muscles of exhalation
same except for
- use muscles of exhalation
- use muscles of inhalation
respiration patterns
quiet (normal pattern):
what percent inhalation what percent exhalation
forced respiration:
inhalation may be
speech respiration
inhalation? exhalation?
40% 60%
longer than exhalation
10% 90%
speech volume and Psg
the main target during speech respiration is maintaining ?
subglottal pressure and speech volume in kPa
soft:
normal:
loud:
a steady output of subglottal pressure
min. approx 0.35
approx 0.5-1.0
1.2-1.5
checking action muscles of inspiration are used to ? important for ? allows maitenance of constant air flow in order to control? deficits in checking action will ?
impede outward flow of air during speech respiration
efficient speech
subglottal air pressure and maintain constant vocal intensity and frequency
restrict a speaker to very short bursts of speech
