Chapter 2 continued

Question 1

Cells of Alveolar Lining 
alveolar lining composed of two types of cells:
1. 
2. 
-source of ? 
-released into alveolus to alter? 
if Type I cells are damages ?

Answer 1

1. Type I pneumocytes (membranous pneumocytes)
   - flat ells directly involved in gas exchange
2. Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal cells)
   - surfactant
   - surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse during respiration
   - Type II cells will proliferate into Type I cells

Question 2

Lung Capillaries
capillaries in the lungs are the ?
more than ? supply each alveolus
more than ? are involved in gas exchange
in normal quiet respiration, blood spends about ? in the capillaries

Answer 2

most dense in the body
2000 capillaries
600 billion capillaries
1/2 second

Question 3

Pleural Linings:
visceral
parietal 
mediastinal ?
-
diaphragmatic 
costal 
apical

Answer 3

lungs
thorax
mediastinum 
-heart, nerves, lymphatic vessels, esophagus 
diaphragm 
inner surface of rib cage 
superior region of rib cage

Question 4

Pleural Coverings:
the continuous layer of membrane ?
each lung is encased in a ? if one lung is penetrated and collapses (pneumothorax) ?
a small “potential” space between the visceral and parietal pleurae is called the ?
a thin layer of liquid in the pleural space, called ? , maintains a ? and ensures the ?

Answer 4

folds upon itself to cover the outside of the lungs (visceral pleurae) and to line the inside of the thorax (parietal pleura)

• protective airtight covering/the other can remain intact
• pleural space
• pleural fluid/negative pressure/linkage of the lungs and thorax

Question 5

Pleural Linkage 
negative pressure maintained by the pleural fluid in the pleural space ensures the ? 
-increased thoracic volume causes ?
-decreased thoracic volume causes?
-lungs prevent thorax from ?
provides a ?

Answer 5

linkage of the lungs to the thorax 
-increased lung volume 
-decreased lung volume 
-maximal expansion 
smooth, friction-free surface for the lungs and thorax to move against each other

Question 6

mediastinum:
what is it? 
most ?
contains important structures 
H
T
E
B
N
T
L

Answer 6

Central portion of chest (between lungs)
protected part of body

• heart
• trachea
• esophagus
• blood vessels
• nerves
• thymus gland
• lymph nodes

Question 7

Inhalation and exhalation:
inhalation is a ?
-quiet inhalation (inspiration) requires only the ?
-forced inhalation (inspiration) may involved ?
exhalation is often? but can also be ?

Answer 7

muscular process

• diaphragm
• may involve many more muscles
• passive/active (particularly for speech)

Question 8

expansion and contraction
expansion:
vertical dimension
transverse dimension

contraction:
vertical dimension
transverse dimension

Answer 8

contract diaphragm
elevate rib cage

relax diaphragm and contract abdominal muscles
pull down rib cage

Question 9

as an infant develops it is the ? that marks the shift from the neonatal flexion position to one of the balance between flexion and extension
when flexion and extension are balanced, the infant is well on the road toward?

Answer 9

early control for neck musculature

whole body stability required for speech