Module 5 - Study Guide Flashcards
United Nations Charter of Human Rights
o UN was established by the Allies after WWII
o Created to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war
o Rights for humans all over the world
World Bank and International Monetary Fund
o Set up by the Bretton Woods Conference
o WB: will give developmental loans to help poorer countries develop as part of world capitalist economy
o IMF: will provide short-term loans to countries in economic crisis; turn from war to peace; money can do that
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
o Bind region to US military supremacy
o Prevent control of Europe by Russia
Social Democracy
o Regulated capitalism and strong social provisions
o Wanted to show that capitalism works for everyone
o Education, healthcare, family support
o E.g. British National Health Services; US Medicare and Medicaid Programs
Establishment of the People’s Republic of China (1949)
o Mao-Tse Tung overthrows Chaing Kai-Shek
o The Nationalist government
o Turns China Communist
o Sends Kai-Shek to exile in Taiwan
Mao Tse-Tung or (Mao Zedong)
o Overthrows Kai-Shek’s government
o Establishes Communist China
Proxy Wars
o US and USSR are vying for global supremacy -> the world “freezes”
o Either the US or the USSR fights a client (a lower-level state/group)
Warsaw Pact
o The Treaty of Friendship
o Signed during the Cold War
o Between the Soviet Union and its satellite states
Eastern Bloc
A group of Communist states in eastern Europe, east asia, and southeast asia
o Under control of the USSR during the Cold War
Division of Germany into the German Democratic Republic (“East Germany”) and the Federal Republic of Germany (“West Germany”)
o Divided by an “iron curtain”
o Part became capitalist and the other part became communist
o Many people want to move to the West
Berlin Wall
o Spilt Berlin just like Germany was split
o Heavily monitored
Korean War
o 1950
o Encouraged by USSR and China, northern Korean Communists try to unite all Korea
o UN authorizes US-led war to stop this
o 1m die; no peace
French-Vietnam War (1945-54)
o Cold War and decolonization become intertwined
o If certain nations are fighting for freedom, why can we not do the same
Partition of Vietnam
o The Geneva Conference
o When Vietnam split into north and south
McCarthyism
o A campaign against communists
o In the US government by Senator Joseph McCarthy
o Many accused lost their jobs
Decolonizaiton
o The end of European empires
o Independence for the colonies
o Many were poor, socialist
o Some became capitalist
Mao Tse-Tung (Mao Zedong or Chairman Mao)
o Leader of China’s communist party
o Led the fight against the Japanese than turned against China
o Liberate China from the West
o Communal Communism
Maoism
o The Communist doctrines of Mao Zedong as formerly practiced in China
o Central ideas: permanent revolution, peasantry, small-scale industry, and agricultural collectivization
Great Leap Forward
o Mao
o 1958
o Collectivized farm land local industrial communes
Cultural Revolution
o Mao sidelined by “realest” economists
o Comes back fighting in the 1960s
o Encourages young people to purge China of the middle class
Guerilla Warfare
o A form of irregular warfare
o Small group of combatants
o Use tactics like ambushes, sabotage, raids, warfare, hit and run, and mobility
Viet-Kong
o From Northern (Communist) Vietnam
o Led by Ho-Chi Minh
o Tried to liberate the whole country
Ho Chi-Minh
o Leader of North Vietnam
o Leader of the Viet-Cong
US-Vietnam War (1955-1975)
o Not everyone wanted the Communists to be in charge of the country
o Used to being under control of the French, not a bad thing
o During the treaty-signing, became Communist north and free south
o War breaks out; north -> south
Indian National Congress
o 1895 o Made up of wealthy, educated, Anglophile Hindus o Not anti-British o Argued for self-government o National identity should be Hindu
Muslim National League
o 1906
o Protects the interest of Muslims
o Parallels the National Congress
Mohandas K. Gandhi
o Revolutionizes the National Congress
o Turns it from a movement of the elite to a movement of the people
o Appeals to the mass, peasant culture
- Passive Resistance [or Civil Disobedience/Non-Cooperation)
o Boycotting, non-cooperation
o A thought of winning independence through powerlessness and poverty
o Play with ignorance instead of violence
o Ex. Salt March of 1930s
- Partition of British India (into Republic India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan)
o India = Hindu Pakistan = Muslim
o 1947
o Civil war over disputed territory
- Indian Independence Act (1947)
o Split India into India and Pakistan
Jawahrlal Nehru
o Independent India’s first leader
o Rejects Gandhi’s ideals
“Non-Alligned”
o In Cold War
o With nuclear weapons and strong state control of the economy
o Modernization
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
o Starts to train anti-Communist terrorists/guerillas who ensure governments stay pro-US
o Overthrows certain governments and sets up pro-American governments in those places
“Friendly Dictators”
o Dictators who appeal to the people with no actual intent of providing them with what they promise
Fidel Castro
o Leads the Communist revolution of Cuba
o Becomes a hero to all who are resisting America/the west
Che Geuvara
o Becomes hero of “people’s war”
o Became a figurehead for Castro’s troops
o Becomes influential in other parts of the world
Cuban Revolution
o 1959
o Communist Fidel Castro takes power, US invades, fails
o Castro becomes hero to all resisting the West
- Cuban Missile Crisis/Bay of Pigs Invasion
o Russia gave Cuba missiles
o Closest the Cold War got to a real war
o Failed military invasion of Cuba by the CIA
Neocolonialism
o The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies
Pan-African Movement
o Encourages and strengthens the bonds of Africans all over the world
“The Year of Africa” (1960)
o The independence of 17 African nations
o Many quickly descend into civil war
African Socialism
o Socialism became the main way of governing in Africa
o Promised to keep US interests secure
o Sharing economic resources in a traditional African way
o Definitions of this varied considerably
Kwame Nkrumah
o British army members lead rebellion
o Ghana was the first independent African nation
o Aims to promote pan-African independence
o Inspires independence movements all around Africa
Jomo Kenyatta
o Leads independence movement in Kenya
o The presence of white settlers means that the British concede little
o Mau mau freedom fighters lead the conflict
Independence of Ghana (1957)
o First African country to gain independence
o Split from the British
Nelson Mandela
o Begins following Gandhi’s ideas of peaceful revolution
o Determines that violence is the only answer
o South Africa
o Arrested, called a Communist, called a terrorist
African National Congress
o Resisted apartheid
o Sharpesville Massacre leads to the rise of Nelson Mandela
Apartheid
o An extremely systematic program of segregation
o A full restriction of a freedom of the movement of the black population
o Must show visas to leave neighborhoods
o Fully separated black and white society
Arab Revolt
o Arabs want the Ottomans out of their territory
o French and British promise to help
o Hoping for a free nation-state after the conflict is over
British/French Mandates
o Broke promise between them and the Arabs after WWI
o Took the Arab land and split it between themselves
o Iraq, Jordan, Palestine -> British
o Lebanon and Syria -> French
o Make sure that the governments will favor them before they leave
Arab Nationalism (or Arab Socialism)
o Revives due to general spirit of decolonization around the world
o Wanted real independence for their people
Gamal Abdel Nasser
o Egyptian leader
o Egypt did not originally want to participate in people’s independence movements
o All Arabs should cooperate so that the Western powers have less control
o Kicks British out of the Suez Canal
Suez Crisis (1954)
o British, French, and Israel try to get back in but fail
o USSR tries to intervene
o US tells them to get lost and takes over the area
Six-Day War (1967)
o A major war between Israel and Egypt
o Israel won
o Began US relations with the country
OPEC Oil Embargo (1973)
o In retaliation for the US supplying the Israeli military
o To gain leverage in the post-war negotiations
o Oil and gas are a key energy source of modern industrial world
o Pushes up prices
Iranian Revolution (1979)
o President Carter says that the US has the right to intervene in the Persian Gulf to protect “national interests”
o Overthrowing the Persian monarchy
o Led by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
Ayatollah Khomeini
o Iranian politician o Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran o Led the Iranian Revolution of 1979 o Overthrew the last shah of Iran o Became the supreme leader of Iran
Islamism (or Political Islam)
o Islamic militancy or fundamentalism
o Political activism guided by Islamic concepts
o Want to implement Sharia law
Wahhabism
o An Islamic doctrine and religious salafi movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
o Wanted to restore conservative Muslim thinking
Saddam Hussein
o The Ba’ath leader of Iraq
o Socialist, Sunni, secular
o Does not make to big of a deal on religion -> does not want a bloodbath on his hands
o Thinks that oil will fuel his status in the nation
o Allied with the US against Iran
Iran-Iraq War
o Iraq fights with US help
o US sells weapons to Iran -> hoping to offset Iraq
o Iraq invaded Iran
o Ended when Iran accepted the UN ceasefire
Mujahedeen
o Guerrilla fighters in Islamic countries, especially those who are fighting against non-Muslim forces
Balfour Declaration (1917)
o British promise the Jews a homeland in Palestine
o Promise made to counter French ambitions in region and to secure a British base in E. Mediterranean
Zionism
o A movement for the reestablishment and development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel
- United Nations Partition Plan (two-state solution) (1947)
o Palestinian leaders reject this plan -> feels like the Zionists are getting too much land
o Some areas would be specifically Arab, others specifically Jewish, and Jerusalem would be part of both
- Creation of the State of Israel (1948)
o Zionists under the lead of David Ben-Gurion declare independence as “the state of Israel”
o Did not name boarders
o The nation will be created in the land
o Declaration of boarders in ‘49
David Ben Gurion
o Declared the location of the “state of Israel”
o Did not clarify boarders
Occupied Territories
o Israel fights war of expansion into E. Jerusalem, West Bank, Gaza Strip
o These areas become known as occupied territories
- Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
o 1960s
o Arab nationalist organization founded to kick Israel out of Palestinian territories
o Israel begins building security walls against them
Hamas
o A Palestinian Sunni-Islamist fundamentalist organization
o Social service and military
o Governing authority of the Gaza strip since its takeover of the area in 2007
o Fought several wars against Israel
Hezbollah
o A Shi’a Islamist political party and military group based in Lebanon
o Parliamentary and political
Cultural Revolution
o Desire for freedom from constraints placed on individual by society
o Express yourself -> do not let anyone tell you how to behave
- African-American Civil Rights Movement
o Signified the unity of the black people in America -> solidarity based on color
- Pan-African movement
o Strong connections with African anti-colonial movements
o Negritude
o Living as if they are under the whites
o Denied certain rights and freedoms
- Martin Luther King
o Radical and socialist
o Racism is a smaller part of the larger picture of social injustice
o The task will not be finished until there is equality for everyone
o Says that capitalism is the main cause for racism
o Inspired by Gandhi
o Non-violent resistance
- US Civil Rights Act (1964)
o Many means to evade its implications
o Selma to Montgomery March 1965
o Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination
- Radical feminism
o Divorce, employment, abortion
o Campaigns against sexual violence
- Gay Rights movement
o Legislation of consensual homosexual acts
o Non-discrimination in public life
- Postmodernism
o Language itself is a form of power and control
o It cannot be trusted to tell the truth- it has hidden agendas
- Neoliberalism or economic liberalization
o Answer for some was a new political/economic determination to “free” capital from its captivity
o The idea that money, like everything else, should be free
o Capitalism should be liberated, governments smaller, taxes lower, regulations cut
Ronald Regan
o 40th President of the United States o Spurred the war on drugs o “Reaganomics” -> supply-side economics plans o Cold War, Iran-Iraq war o “Tear down this wall!”
- Margaret Thatcher
o Conservative who embraced the vision of small government, low taxes on the wealthy, less laws
o Competition should be put into areas where it did not exist
- Economic liberalization
o The lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities
- Mikhail S. Gorbachev
o Leader of the Soviet Union
o Encourages private ownership and free market
o Encouraged to tear down the Berlin Wall
- Reunification of Germany
o The wall is torn down in Berlin
o A hole formed in the iron curtain
- Collapse of the Soviet Union
o Soviet Union divided into multiple independent states with capitalism and foreign investment
- Deng’s Revolution (i.e. China in the 1980s and 1990s)
o From 1980s China
o State-guided economic development leads to massive urbanization and investment from foreign countries
o Communist Vietnam follows
o Deng -> Communist party -> open up the economy
- Tiananmen Square Massacre
o Student-led demonstrations
o Many people were killed
- “Asian Tiger” economies
o Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan
o Underwent massive growth rates between the early ‘60s and the ‘90s
o High income economies
o Much industry
- European Union
o Growing since 1970s but formed officially in 1993
o Allows free movement of goods and peoples across “Eurozone”
o Single currency in most countries
o Shared social and agricultural policies
- Free Trade Zones
o NAFTA
o Allows free movement of products between Canada, US, and Mexico
o Also Southeast-Asian Free Trade Zone
o Proposed: Trans-Pacific Trade Partnership
- World Trade Organization
o Lowers tariffs/negotiate
o Trade tariffs were dropped and more of a global trade was started
o Created to negotiate multi-lateral reduction in tariffs across whole world
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
o Have offered financial aid to African and Latin American countries on condition they commit to free trade and allow foreign investment
- World Bank
o An international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects
Internet
o A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols
- Global warming
o A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants
- Kyoto Agreement
o An international treaty
o Reduce greenhouse gasses
o Global warming
- World Trade Organization
o The only global organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations
- Multinational (or Global) Corporations
o Companies that have retailors in multiple countries
o Ex. McDonalds, Starbucks
- Saddam Hussein
o Invaded Kuwait
o President of Iraq
o Leading member of the Ba’ath party
- Persian Gulf War (1991)
o US commits to policing the new world order
o Launched by George H.W. Bush to prove US would not tolerate trouble-makers
o In this case, Hussein in Kuwait
o Wanted to show off high-tech weaponry
- Industrial-Military complex
o An informal alliance between a nation’s military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy
o Most often used when referring to US military
- Kim Jong-un
o North Korean political leader
- Vladimir Putin
o Failure of market reforms led to desire for revived Russian nationalism and strength
o Dominated Russia since 1999 and has reasserted Russia’s status as a global major power
- Jihadists / Islamist Terrorists
o An Islamic militant
o A struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam
- Al-Qaeda
o “The Network”
o Formed by Osama bin Laden
- Osama bin Laden
o Formed Al-Qaeda
o His own form of globalization
o Did not intend to create a unified movement
- 9/11
o Hijacked planes destroy World Trade Center
o Crash into Pentagon
o Aim to crash into the White House
- War on Terror
o An international military campaign that was launched by the US government after the 9/11 attacks
- US/UK invasion of Iraq (2003)
o Claim that Saddam has weapons of mass destruction
o Heavily implied he was connected to the 9/11 attacks (not true)
- 2007 World Economic crisis
What started in the US developed into a full-blown international banking crisis
o Followed by economic downturn
- Climate change
o The change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time
- United Nations Framework on Climate Change (Paris Agreement, 2015)
o An ratification of the international environmental treaty adopted in 1992
o In Paris, France
- Populism
o Support for the concerns of ordinary people
- 2016 Referendum on EU Membership (“Brexit”)
o The impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU
- Arab Spring
o A series of pro-democracy uprisings that enveloped several largely Muslim countries
o Began in the spring
- Anti-immigrant sentiment
o Opposition to immigration
- Syrian Civil War
o An ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought between the Ba’ath Republic against other governments
- ISIS
o A jihadist military group
o Sunni Muslim
o Terrorist organization
o Allegiant to Al-Qaeda
- Iranian Nuclear Deal
o Trump pulled out
o An agreement on the nuclear program of Iran
o In Vienna
- Donald Trump
o A paradox
o Spoke language of anti-neoliberalism -> one of its main products -> embraced its arguments
