Exam 2 - Questions and Answers

Question 1

This Chinese dynasty took over from the Ming in 1644. Continuing many of the same policies as the Ming, they oversaw a massive expansion of the territory of China, and presided over an economically prosperous period. They were in power until the fall of the Chinese Empire in 1911.

Answer 1

• Qing

Question 2

This was the belief that all governing authority, and legal and economic power, is found in the person of the monarch. In this theory of government, the king or queen owes account to no-one but God. It is commonly associated with France, and particularly Louis XIV, although it prevailed across many European countries:

Answer 2

• Absolutism

Question 3

A belief that a King or Queen ought to govern with some form of accountability to the “rule of law”, often embodied in a representative body such as a Parliament.

Answer 3

• Constitutional Monarchy

Question 4

Mateo Ricci and Francis Xavier were both members of this religious group, which was originally set up in the sixteenth century to try to win back Protestants to the Catholic church. The group ran successful missions to China and Japan because of their cultural sensitivity.

Answer 4

• Jesuits

Question 5

This English thinker wrote a book called Leviathan in which he argued that strong Governments are the way in which humans protect themselves against their own tendency to fight and kill each other and promote trade, arts, and prosperity

Answer 5

• Thomas Hobbes

Question 6

The dominant form of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire, and then in Russia, was:

Answer 6

• Eastern Orthodoxy

Question 7

Many African slaves were sold to work on plantation complexes on the Caribbean islands (and Portuguese Brazil). The crop grown made huge amounts of money for the European plantation owners.

Answer 7

• Sugar

Question 8

This mid-sixteenth century Russian leader was known for his relentless ambition, sponsorship of Orthodoxy and church building (such as St. Basil’s Cathedral), absolute power, and personal savagery toward his family and enemies alike

Answer 8

• Ivan the Terrible

Question 9

The first permanent English colony in the Americas was:

Answer 9

• Virginia

Question 10

Uniting and taming the powerful local landowners (the daimyo), which institution emerged as a centralizing and powerful force in Japan from the early 1600s until 1863

Answer 10

• Tokugawa Shogunate

Question 11

Ruled by Suni Ali, this west African empire established an empire of trade on gold, salt, ivory, and people and sponsored a blend of Islam and local religious customs

Answer 11

• Songhay Empire

Question 12

This document was produced at the end of the 1600s by the English Parliament and laid out their expeditions of how a monarch should behave. It demanded the King of England approve all laws and taxes in Parliament, and authorized free speech for Parliamentarians to criticize the King.

Answer 12

• English Bill of Rights

Question 13

At the end of the eighteenth century, the British East India Company changed from being a trading body to being a…

Answer 13

• Tax-collecting and semi-governing authority

Question 14

Alongside the English, which other country dominated large parts of North America – stretching from modern-day Canada to the Gulf of Mexico – in the era 1500-1700

Answer 14

• France

Question 15

What did the Puritans who migrated to New England want?

Answer 15

• The opportunity to create their own version of a Calvinist Protestant church and society

Question 16

Which term came to be adopted by the Russian Emperor, signaling an imperial ambition?

Answer 16

• Tsar

Question 17

In return for fixing Boyar (noble) loyalty to the regime, the Russian government allowed the nobility unlimited exploitation rights over peasant labor in a system called:

Answer 17

• Serfdom

Question 18

Who’s primary aim (and success) was having Russia modernize its technology, education, military, and attitudes to become more like western European countries?

Answer 18

• Peter the Great

Question 19

The central idea of the Enlightenment was the importance of

Answer 19

• Reason

Question 20

John Locke proposed that all people are given individual freedom and the right to property by nature. Government must therefore respect and enhance individual freedom and property. The idea became very popular in the late 18th and 19th centuries, especially among the growing middle classes. This idea is called:

Answer 20

• Liberalism

Question 21

This Enlightenment thinker said we should doubt everything except our own existence (“I think, therefore I am”) and then use logic to construct ideas about reality

Answer 21

• Rene Descartes

Question 22

The movement within eighteenth-century British and American Protestantism that stressed true Christianity was about having a personal relationship with Jesus “in your heart” was:

Answer 22

• Evangelicalism

Question 23

This French “philosophe” was one of the most important Enlightenment thinkers, known for his witty and critical comments about politics, religion, and society

Answer 23

• Voltaire

Question 24

The author of Wealth of Nations (1776), this Scottish philosopher believed in free markets and free trade and spoke about individual self-interest being like an “invisible hand” which promotes prosperity for all

Answer 24

• Adam Smith

Question 25

The belief, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, that governments ought to protect merchant trade through taxing foreign imports and granting monopoly rights to joint-stock companies (i.e. helping the merchants) is called:

Answer 25

• Mercantilism

Question 26

This was a major European conflict which led to the increase of British naval power and territory at the expense of France. It happened between 1765 and 1763. Some historians call it the first “world” war because it involved simultaneous conflict in Europe, India, and North America

Answer 26

• Seen Years War

Question 27

Name the leader of the Methodist movement in 18th century England - the man who at first could only say he hoped Christ had died for him, but later had his “heart… strangely warmed” with a new confidence in Jesus

Answer 27

• John Wesley

Question 28

The English East India Company was an example of a:

Answer 28

• Joint-Stock Company

Question 29

Many Enlightenment thinkers talked about laws and principles encoded into the physical and human world by …

Answer 29

• Nature or Nature’s God

Question 30

What is the cultural, language, and social community to which you belong?

Answer 30

• Ethnicity