Module 4 - Study Guide Flashcards
Ottoman Empire: Young Turk Revolution (1908)
o 1908
o Coup against the sultan
o Turns empire into a constitutional monarchy
o Eager to break with British/French supervision
o Turn to Germany as a trade/investment partner
o Fight in WWI in alliance with Germany and Austria
Ottoman Empire: Kemal Ataturk
o Fights to liberate Anatolia
o Wins independence as Turkey (1922)
o Turns it into a secular nation-state
o Teaches the Latin alphabet
Ottoman Empire: Republic of Turkey
o Created by Kemal Ataturk
o When Anatolia split from the Ottoman Empire
Russian Empire: Crimean War
o 1854-5
o Britain and France inflict a major defeat on Russia
o Russia’s attempt at taking over the Middle East
o England, France, and the Ottomans declare war on Russia
Russian Empire: Tsar Alexander II’s “Great Reforms”
o Abolition of serfdom
o Encourages modernization
o “Emancipation Proclamation” (1861) frees serfs but makes them pay a lifetime tax for their freedom
Russian Empire: Trans-Siberian Railroad
o Part of Russia’s industrial revolution
o A railroad that goes across all of Russia
o Moderately successful
Russian Empire: Vladimir Lenin
o Leader of the Bolsheviks
o Takes over rule of Russia after Duma rule
o Says that intellectuals will lead the rebellion, not the workers
Russian Empire: Bolsheviks
o Said that socialism could come before industrialization
o Revolution should be led by a small elite of professional revolutionaries f
o Led by Lenin
Russian Empire: First Russian Revolution
o 1905
o Russia’s defeat by Japan weakened the tsar
o Army opened fire on a large group of lower-class protesters
o A full-scale strike paralyzed the country
o Nicholas II fears revolution creates the Duma
Chinese Empire: Unequal Treaties
o With Britain, France, and the USA
o Primarily agricultural -> Britain and opium
o China begins to be divided up among different countries
Chinese Empire: Spheres of Influence
o China was divided by Russia, Europe, and Japan
o Want huge economic privileges and military bases
Chinese Empire: Open Door Policy
o The US wants the entire world to be open for free trade
o More specifically, rights to trade with every nation
Chinese Empire:
Self-Strengthening Movement
o Wanted to restore China to its former glory
Chinese Empire: Sino-Japanese War
o 1894 – 1895
o Influence over Korea
o Demonstrated the failure of the Qing Empire’s attempts to modernize the military
Chinese Empire: Boxer Rebellion
o Aims to rid China of “foreign devils”
Chinese Empire: Sun Yat-Sen
o Leads the “Nationalist” anti-foreign movement
o Promotes the “pure” Chinese race (the Han)
o Brings in the Republic of China
Chinese Empire: Chinese Nationalism
o Brought in by the Han
o Led by Sun Yat-Sen
Chinese Empire: Republic of China
o 1911
o Replaced the Qing Dynasty
o Based on the Han ethnicity, democracy, and economic freedom
Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm
o More belligerent
o Arms race with Britain
o Claimed parts of N. Africa, E. Africa, and Pacific Islands
o Looked for his “American West”
Germany: Pan-Germanism
o Unite all German-speaking or even Germanic peoples in one “greater Germany”
o Many people outside of Germany speak German
o Alliance with Austria-Hungary
Japan: Meiji Restoration
o 1868
o Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown
o Mutsuhito Meiji installed as Emperor
o Reinvented tradition to bring a new sense of loyalty
Japan: Sino-Japanese War
- 1884-5
- Sino = Chinese
Japan: Russo-Japaneae War
- 1904-5
- Russo = Russian
o Japan wins
o Want a treaty from them, but end up claiming part of the country
US: “Anglo-Saxon Race”
o The white, English-speaking northern Europeans
o Josiah Strong believed that it was the responsibility of America to Anglo-Saxonize the world
o Bring freedom to the world
US: Spanish-American War
o 1898
o Survival of the fittest
o The US takes over the countries of Cuba, Philippines, and Puerto Rico
o Turns on those that they had just helped
US: US Annexation of Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico
o Takes them over in the Spanish-American War
o They had just helped them to become independent from Spain
o The Philippines resisted the most
US: Panama Canal
o By 1900, the US is the primary capital investor in Latin America
o Encourages an uprising in Columbia that allows the US to build and control the Panama Canal
o Links US Atlantic and Pacific coasts
US: Mexican Revolution
o 1911-17
o Pancho Villa wants to redistribute the land
o Taking land away from the Americans
o War turns civil
o Puts industries out of the control of people
o Makes Mexico socialist
US: Informal Empire
- US economic, political, and military influence in Central and South American countries
o America becomes involved in behind-the-scenes work in Central and South America
Balkans Crisis
o 1912
o Encouraged by Russia
o Wage war to grab more Ottoman Territory
Serbian Nationalism
o Wanted to assassinate the archduke
Succeed
o Wanted to raise awareness of their cause
o Put pressure on the Austrian government
o Did not mean to start a world war
Central Powers
- Germany, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire
Entente (or Allied) Powers
- Britain, France, and Russia (prior to 1917)
- Add the US (after 1917)
Total War
o Civilian populations are seen as essential to war success
o Civilians become legitimate targets
Propaganda
o Portrays the enemy as a ferocious beast
o Huge expansion of governmental powers
o Daylight savings time and drinking age
Submarine (U-Boat) Warfare
o Germany declared the entire sea around the UK a warzone
o Those who enter the zone will be attacked
o U-Boats sink ships
o Civilian or armed/supplied ships
“The Western Front”
- Fighting on the West Coast of Europe
Sinking of the Lusitania
- 1917
o A British liner that was sunk by U-boats
o 1000+ deaths
o Turns public opinion in the US against Germany
o Does not bring America into the war
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
o Declares that America is going to join the war
o Does not want to be associated with any side
o “Empires cause war, war causes suffering”
o Focused on America’s trade prospects
Treaty of Versailles
- (1918-9)
o Ended WWI
o Hands out punishments, rewards
o Tries to set up a new world order based off of international cooperation
League of Nations
o Set up after WWI
o A new world order based off of international cooperation
Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution
- 1917
- Led to the overthrow of the Romanov Tsardom, the establishment of state-mandated Communism in Russia, and the withdrawal of Russia from the First World War
o Led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks
o Russia becomes socialist
Russian Civil War
- 1917-1922
o “Reds” vs. “Whites”
o Communists vs. Freed
o Whites are backed by UK, USA, and France
o Bolsheviks take control of much territory that had just declared independence
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- 1918
- Ends the Russian Civil War
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- Soviet Union
- 1922
o Soviet Russia merges with other Bolshevik states
o 1922
o Under Lenin
Cultural Modernism
o Developments in art, science
o Ex. Einstein, Freud
Sigmund Freud
o All humans are animals
o Dreams, disorder is the true reality
Albert Einstein
- Physics and Science
Advertising Industry
o Advertising through radio, tv, at movie theatres becomes popular
Radio
o Becomes one of the main ways for information to get to people
o A common theme was families gathering around the radio
Film
o Seen as somewhat bad
o An increase of inappropriate behavior
Great Depression
o Started in the banking system
o Global economy shrinks by 1/3
o Everyone is looking at their own interests
o Rushing to the bank to get their money out before everyone else
o 1929-35
Keynesianism
o A response to the Great Depression
o Capitalism needs to be managed by the government
o Called for collective action
Totalitarianism
o Vision for national success through authoritarianism, not individual rights
o The government controls all aspects of society using modern tools
o Suppressed free thought
o Communism and Fascism
Joseph Stalin
o Used communism to an efficient, self-sufficient, classless economy
o Dictator
o The people had no power
o Secret police
o USSR became the 3rd largest world economy
Soviet Communism
- Look under “Joseph Stalin”
Fascism
- o Italy and Germany
o A renewal of strength and unity through dictatorship
o Keeps businesses in the country
o A new sense of optimism and pride
Benito Mussolini
o Fascist dictator of Italy
o Does not like capitalism
o Bitter about the results of WWI
Adolf Hitler
o Nazi dictator of Germany o Promises to restore jobs and pride o New welfare programs o Did not like the Jews o Breaks all treaty agreements
Nazi Party
o Rises to power in the divided democratic Weimar Empire
o 1933
o Wanted to help Germany regain ground after WWI
o Led by Adolf Hitler
o Encourages Germans to see the Jews as the common enemy
Chaing Kai-shek
- Jiang Jieshi o Takes power in China after WWI o Bans all political parties o Takes central control of economy and builds infrastructure and military o Alarms Japan
Lebensraum
- Living space
- Hitler’s main stated aim
o The territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development
Rape of Nanjing
- 1937
o Japanese troops against Chinese people
o A massive murder and rape
Anschlus
- German union with Austria
o Annexes German-speaking Czechoslovakia
o Germany pulls out of the League of Nations
Nazi-Soviet Pact
- Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
- 1939
o Non-aggression pact
o Included a secret deal to divide Eastern Europe between them
German Invasion of Poland
- 1939
o Along with Stalin and Russia
o Makes Britain and France declare war with Germany
Blitzkrieg
- An intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory
Axis Powers
- Germany, Austria, Italy and Japan
Allied Powers
- Soviet Union, Britain, France, China
- After 1942, US
Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
o US cuts off all Japanese oil supplies
o Japan replies by bombing Pearl Harbor
o Japan seizes British Singapore, Malaysia, and many Pacific Islands
o US enters war against Japan but not Germany
Holocaust
- The murder of 6m Jews in concentration camps
- By Germans
United Nations
- The name that the allies gave themselves
- The name of the broader organization set up by the Allies at the end of the Second World War to reconstruct and secure the post-world war world
Franklin D. Roosevelt
o The only way to stop the war is to support the British Empire
o No interest in propping up the British Empire
o Pushes the Atlantic Charter upon Churchill
Winston Churchill
o Uncertain about the Atlantic Charter that was proposed by Roosevelt
o Prime Minister of Great Britain
Battle of Stalingrad
o USSR pushes Nazis into retreat in E. Europe
o 1942-3
D-Day/ Normandy Landings
o 1944
o Defeats Nazis in western Europe by US/British forces
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
o 1945
o Ends the US war with Japan
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
o June 15, 1914 o Serbian nationalists did it o Heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire o In Sarajevo, Bosnia o Draws major European powers into the war
