Module 1 - Study Guide Terms Flashcards
1
Q
State
A
- A community of people living under a common legal and governmental system, with some defined boundaries (boarders) and independence from other “states”
- Reports to no one above it
- Can declare war against other states
- Ex. Canada, China
2
Q
Empire
A
- Multiple states and/or people groups ruled by one dominant state or authority
- First: Neo-Assyrian
- Most common way of organizing power
3
Q
Eurasia/ Afro Eurasia
A
- The term continent is so we can understand land masses
- Afro-Eurasia: Asia, Africa, Europe
- The Americas: self-explanatory
4
Q
Mongol Empire
A
- Encouraged large trade between East and West Asia and Europe
- Growing thanks to Genghis Khan who encourages renovating the Great Silk Road
5
Q
Black Death/Bubonic Plague
A
- 1350s
- Kills 1/3 - 1/2 of the world’s population
- Destroys or weakens most of the world powers
- Gives the illusion of a weak world
6
Q
Vasco de Gama
A
- Follows Dias’ route around Africa
- Gets all the way to India
- Uses the Waldseemuller Map; the first map to name America
- Gives Portugal a direct route to the Indian Ocean
7
Q
Christopher Columbas
A
- Tries to go to India for rebirth after the Black Death
- Not the first person who thought about going west; it was just that no one had the boats
- Ferdinand and Isabella fund
- A pretty bad plan from the start
- Finds Hispaniola which he thinks is “China” ; eventually gets corrected
- Went back and forth 4 times
- Used compass, astrolabe, etc.
- Starts integration and trade connections in the New World
8
Q
Ferdinand Magellan
A
- Circumnavigation of the globe and the start of Pacific integration
- Portuguese explorer from Spain
- Died in the Phillipines
- Started the unity of the world
- Goal: control the oceans
9
Q
Colombian Exchange
A
- The diffusion of old and new world crops, animals and disease between Americas and Afro-Eurasia
- Globalization
10
Q
Indian Ocean Zone
A
- The largest trading zone of old times
- China and India had the most people and the largest trade routes
11
Q
Renaissance
A
- Rebirth or reform
- A reaction to the Black Death
- The church had let them down and was responsible for the Black Death
12
Q
Classical (ie. Greek and Roman) Civilization
A
- Renaissance was actually a rebirth of this era
- Models of fun and humanity with authority and dominion
Ex. Michelangelo Adam and God picture -> shows that man is as “big and buff” as God
13
Q
William Shakespeare
A
- Wrote music using the Renaissance style
14
Q
Nicalo Machiavelli
A
- Politics is a “craft” and an “art”
15
Q
Nicalo Machiavelli
A
- Politics is a “craft” and an “art”
- The king is like a craftsman
- “The Prince”
- Ends justify the means
16
Q
Centralized States
A
- Bring the land, tax, law, and military into one unified, organized system of central government control
- Kings want their kingdoms to flourish
- Strength, diplomacy, modernism
17
Q
Gunpowder
A
- Military upgrade
18
Q
Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile-Aragon
A
- Fund Christopher Columbas’ journey
- Their marriage unites Aragon and Castillo
19
Q
Habsburg Monarchy/ Habsburg Empire
A
- Attempted to create a European-wide empire by clever marriage policies
- Charles the Great helped grow this empire, but doesn’t last long after his death
- France, England, and Netherlands resisted
20
Q
Reconquista
A
- A religious and political movement
- Mainly in Spain
- Not the Reformation
21
Q
(Roman) Catholicism
A
- The Roman Empire converted to Christianity in the 4th century
- Split in half during the Reformation
- Salvation is given piece by piece not all at once
22
Q
Pope
A
- “Overseer”
- Papa
- Leader of the Catholic church
23
Q
Protestantism
A
- Want to reform the church, not overthrow it
- Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans
24
Q
Martin Luther
A
- German monk tormented by failure
- Protests indulgences with 95 thesis
- Salvation is a one-time thing
- Translates the Bible into German
- The founder of the Reformation
- Charles V protects Luther from the Duke of Saxon
25
Q
John Calvin
A
- Believes the church needs to reform all practices and worship
- Wants to purify the church
- Starts Calvinism which is popular in Switzerland, France,and England
26
Q
Henry VIII of England
A
- Ditches the pope and takes over the wealth and the church in his kingdom for himself
- Decides that he should be the pope
- Centralization
- What happens in most Protestant places
27
Q
Holy Roman Empire
A
- Charles V wants to take them down
- The Habsburgs
- Almost everyone wants to defeat them
- But this is whats worked for them
28
Q
Wars of Religion
A
- 1550 - 1650
- Protestant vs. Catholic
- 1/3 Europe dies
29
Q
Aztec (Mexican) Empire
A
- 25m people
- Tenochtitlan: the capital of the Aztec empire; one of the largest cities in the world
- In Mexico
- Not very connected with one another -> lots of fighting -> sacrifice
30
Q
Inca Empire
A
- In the Andes mountains in Peru
- Surprised the Europeans with their size and architecture
31
Q
Conquistadors
A
- The name for Spanish explorers
- Basically illegal immigrants
- Begins with the Portuguese in the Atlantic islands
- Spanish conquerors
32
Q
Smallpox Epidemic
A
- Contributes to death of 80% of Indo-American nations
- They have no immunity to these diseases
- The conquistador’s greatest weapon
33
Q
Hernan Cortez
A
- Conquered the Aztec empire in the 1520s
- Cuba
- Captures that really big T name city
34
Q
Montezuma II
A
- The ruler of the Aztecs at the time of Cortez’s conquest
35
Q
Francisco Pizarro
A
- Captured the Inca empire
- Advanced weaponry helped
- Divisions in Inca community
36
Q
Brazil (Portuguese Colony)
A
- The Portuguese technically had Brazil because of the boundaries they agreed not to cross, Brazil was still in it
37
Q
Mestizo
A
- Mixed peoples
- When European men had kids with native women
38
Q
The Prophet Mohammad (7th century)
A
- The leader of the Muslim religion
- Had the religious texts spoken to him by Gabriel
- Born in Mecca
39
Q
Abrahamic Religion
A
- The shared religions of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism
- Focuses on their monotheistic faith
40
Q
Monotheistic Faith
A
- Faith in one God
- Shared between Christianity, Islam, and Judaism
41
Q
Shi’a Islam
A
- Leader of Islamic community should be the faithful guardian
- 85% of Muslims
- Means majority or community
- Want to keep themselves pure
42
Q
Shi’a Islam
A
- Believe that God chose Mohammad
- Next follower should be his relation
- Believe there has been 12 leaders
43
Q
Sunni Islam
A
Leader of Islamic community should be the faithful guardian
- 85% of Muslims
- Means majority or community
- Want to keep themselves pure
44
Q
Arab Conquests
A
- Many N. African and SW Asian countries
- Spreads out from Mecca
- Abbasid Empire: Baghdad
- Continues and continues to spread
45
Q
Turks (Ethnic Group)
A
- Dominant in E/central Asia
- Many convert to Islam
- Seljuk Turks Attack the giant Byzantine Empire
- Take over Jerusalem
46
Q
Byzantine Empire
A
- Attacked by the Turks
- The “Eastern Roman” Empire
- Constantine is the emperor
- HQ is in Rome then Constantinople
- 1250 -> Muslims ruin it -> then Black Death
47
Q
Ottoman Empire
A
- The first great empire
- Sunni Islam
- Very powerful and known for conquering
- Rule over 30m people
- The House of Osman
48
Q
Ottoman Capture of Constantinople (1453)
A
- Fall of the Christian Byzantine Empire
- Mehemed II
- Inherited east-west trade routes
- Reunited N. Africa/W. Africa /W. Mediterranean -> “new Roman empire”
49
Q
Suleyman the Magnificent
A
- Developed a law code
- Built memorial architecture
- A sultan
- Tolerated other religions
- People would rather live under him than the pope
- Gunpowder, expansion of centralized power, military might
50
Q
Saffavid Empire
A
- Second great empire
- Started in Persia -> now Iran
- Started by Turkish groups
- Convert from Sunni to Shi’a -> Ismail I -> “related” to Muhammad
51
Q
Persia
A
- Where the Saffavid empire began
- Modern day Iran
- Started by Abbas I
- Architecture looked like a peacock
52
Q
Shah Abbas the Great
A
- Helped grow the Saffavid empire in Persia
- Most famous leader of Saffavid
- Brought back Persia as Muslim
- Converts them to Shi’a
- Better relations in area
- Feels as if he was chosen by God
- Revival of Romans vs. Persians
53
Q
Mughal Empire
A
- The third great empire
- Sunni Islam
- A branch of the Mongol Empire
- Power vacuum north of India
- Babar claims to be a descendant of Genghis Khan
- Almost fails, but Akbar revives
54
Q
Akbar the Great
A
- The grandson of Babur
- Religious tolerance and dicersity
- Revenue from India (textiles and trade)
- Taj Mahal
- Most united India has ever been
55
Q
Hinduism
A
- Main religion of India and Nepal
- Oldest living religion
- No single founder, Scripture, or teaching
- Named after river complex
- Reincarnation
- Vishnu: preserver and protector
56
Q
Buddhism
A
- Spiritual
- Nirvana
- Change is always possible
- Enlightenment
- Karma
- From modern day India
- Older than Christianity
- Siddhartha Gautama
57
Q
Confucianism
A
- Official Ideology
- Confucius
- Stability, order, community, wisdom
- Center of the Chinese empire
58
Q
Ming Dynasty
A
- Zhu Yuanzhang -> first ruler
- One of the quickest rebirths after the Black Death
- Rebuild China -> the Great Wall
- Much of China today is a direct result
- Capital moved to Beijing
59
Q
Zheng He
A
- The Chinese Christopher Columbus
- Get the Indian Ocean trade for themselves
- Voyages halted; northern boarder more important
- Tributary Empire
60
Q
Forbidden City
A
- Power
- Stability
- Tiered palace in China
- Signified expansion and growth
61
Q
Scholar - Bureaucrats
A
- Second-highest rank in China
- Below the emperor
- Extremely smart
- Took 3-4 day exams
- The wise should rule
62
Q
Eunuchs
A
- Seen as great servants
- Got to work right with the emperor
- No family ties, no reason to kill the emperor
63
Q
Tribute System
A
- China
- A tributary empire
- Looking to establish political dominance
- Recognized as powerful and supreme
