Exam 3 - Questions and Answers

Question 1

Mechanization of production (i.e. “industrialization”) was first and most extensively applied in Britain to which industry?

Answer 1

• Cotton

Question 2

The French Revolution began with the Third Estate walking out of the Estates-General and forming a new body. The name of this body reflected the new belief that sovereignty rested in the people as a whole.

Answer 2

• National Assembly

Question 3

The belief that the United States of America had been given a mission by God to extend civilization across the continent is called:

Answer 3

• Manifest Destiny

Question 4

The rule of _________ was the most radical stage of the French Revolution. Due to the use of spying, intimidation and the guillotine, this period is called “The Terror”

Answer 4

• Maximillian Robespierre

Question 5

Which military leader, who had himself crowned “Emperor” by the Pope, restored order to France and waged war across Europe at the start of the nineteenth century? He claimed he was fighting for in liberty for people living under monarchy, although many suspected he was merely creating a French empire.

Answer 5

• Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 6

The French Revolution inspired an uprising of slaves in a French colony, led by Toussaint L’Overture. This eventually led to the formation of which independent nation-state, the first to be run by former African slaves?

Answer 6

• Haiti

Question 7

A key example of the women’s rights movements, this conference was held in 1848 and led by Elizabeth Caddy Stanton. It issued a document which echoed the American Declaration of Independence, proclaiming that men had established a tyranny over women.

Answer 7

• Seneca Falls Conference

Question 8

Nationalism is best defined as:

Answer 8

• A belief that everyone who lives in the same state ought to view themselves as members of an extended family, developing a sense of identity and solidarity with all other citizens in that state and celebrating their community

Question 9

Named “the liberator” this individual hoped to build a United States of South America. This project failed, but he did help build several independent South American nation-states during the wars of independence against Spain:

Answer 9

• Simon Bolivar

Question 10

This global Empire was Europe’s largest in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. It ruled 1/3 of the world’s population by the end of the nineteenth century, including India, Canada, Australia and parts of South East Asia.

Answer 10

• British

Question 11

What was Zionism?

Answer 11

• The belief that the Jewish people are a “nation” and so ought to have their own independent state

Question 12

What change in the British relationship to India was caused by the Indian Mutiny/Rebellion of 1857 - a change that triggered a new era of empire-building and imperialism among several major European states?

Answer 12

• The British government took direct control of India as a colony under direct authority of the British government

Question 13

The Berlin Conference (1884-5) is associated with which movement in the history of European imperialism?

Answer 13

• The carving up of Africa according to European interests

Question 14

This state, whose first leader was Otto von Bismarck, was unified in 1871 on the basis that many previously independent states in the region all shared a common national identity and language, and so ought to combine into one nation-state? In reality, it was a strategy for Prussian expansion:

Answer 14

• Germany

Question 15

Socialism is best defined as:

Answer 15

• Belief that the workers or the general public ought to collectively own and control the industrial and economic infrastructure particularly large industries and infrastructure so that profits are shared among all workers

Question 16

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was a Mexican dictator in the mid-nineteenth century. He exemplified the tendency of military heroes to assume dictatorial control in South and Central American countries in the mid-nineteenth century. These individuals are known as:

Answer 16

• Caudillos

Question 17

The year 1848 was significant in Europe because it was:

Answer 17

• A year of large-scale attempted revolutions in many European countries

Question 18

This thinker was the author of The Communist Manifesto (1848) which proposed all of history was the story of class conflict. He believed a revolution of the workers was oming soon and that a classless, property-less society would be the result.

Answer 18

• Karl Marx

Question 19

The American Civil War (1861-5) led to the end of slavery. But what new form of injustice arose in its wake?

Answer 19

• Segregation

Question 20

The American War of Independence was primarily about:

Answer 20

• Arguing for the right of the American colonists to make legislative decisions, especially about taxation, based on an appeal to the British concept of political liberty

Question 21

Every country that successfully industrialized in the nineteenth century tended to follow a common set of policies to catch-up with Britain. These included establishing a large internal free market, establishing a national bank and currency, infrastructure improvements, and state education. One final measure was also crucial. It was one of the main causes of division between the Southern slave owning states and the Northern industrializing states in the run up to the American Civil War:

Answer 21

• High import duties on foreign manufactured goods (i.e. a protective tariff)

Question 22

Private property rights, capitalism and high levels of individual freedoms/rights, combined with relatively high taxes on large incomes to fund social benefits such as public healthcare, paid vacation, paid maternity leave, free or subsidized higher education is often called “socialism” in the USA, but is actually:

Answer 22

• Social Democracy

Question 23

As well as ruling large parts of the world directly, Britain also had an “informal empire” in the nineteenth century. South America is the key example of this. What sentence best describes how this “informal empire” worked?

Answer 23

• Britain offered loans and capital investment to the new South/Central American republics, in return for favorable trade deals and Britain offering “advise” about how to run government affairs.

Question 24

In the late nineteenth-century South/Central American countries started to invest heavily in modernizing their economic infrastructure, particularly investing in railroads, electrification, and agricultural machinery. Alongside these changes, dictatorial governments became interested in making their country more “European” in culture and outlook. They hoped this would make them more successful and innovative. To do this they sponsored millions of European immigrants to settle in their countries to dilute the influence of native populations. This is a process known as:

Answer 24

• The Second Conquest

Question 25

What is the name we give to people of European descent born in the Americas, but who retained the political, cultural, religious outlook of their country of origins? They were often rich and powerful, and led the revolutions that swept the Americas in the late 18th/early 19th centuries.

Answer 25

• Creoles

Question 26

At the end of the French Revolution a reactionary spirit spread across many European governments. Emphasizing deference to established forms of government, monarchy, and the church, and arguing for only limited and gradual change, this movement came to be called:

Answer 26

• Conservatism

Question 27

In the 1840s and 50s, wars about this export form British India allowed Britain to force China to agree to more extensive trading rights:

Answer 27

• Opium

Question 28

This was a major conflict between Britain and white and black African settlers in southern Africa that occurred in the early 1900s. The British pioneered the use of concentration camps to deal with the insurgents:

Answer 28

• Boer War

Question 29

The application of the principle of “survival of the fittest” to the relationship between people and states – in particular, the idea that strong nations should dominate weaker ones – is called:

Answer 29

• Social Darwinism

Question 30

True or false: Socialists have always wanted a big, powerful government

Answer 30

• False