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HIS 114 - World Civ > Module 3 - Study Guide Terms > Flashcards

Module 3 - Study Guide Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The American War of Independence (1776 - 1783)

A
  • 13 out of the 26 colonies rebelled
  • The colonies were not similar to one another
  • The USA was created through the war -> not the aim
  • Wanted to preserve existing political rights -> alliance against British Government -> thought was to create sovereign states
  • After this failed, unity was the only option
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2
Q

“No Taxation Without Representation”

A
  • The amount did not matter
  • Who was authorizing the taxes did
  • Done in colonial assemblies
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3
Q

The American Declaration of Independence

A
  • 1776
  • The creation of our country
  • Not looking to create the US by starting a war with Britain -> accidental outcome
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4
Q

States (in the American sense of the term)

A
  • Places that govern themselves independent of one another but are held together under a central government
  • Sovereign
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5
Q

Articles of Confederation

A
  • The original constitution of the US

- When ratified in 1781, turned into the American Constitution

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6
Q

American Constitution

A
  • Opposed by some of the Founding Fathers
  • Did not think that there needed to be a stronger form of government
  • Stronger central government
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7
Q

American Bill of Rights

A
  • The first 10 amendments to the Constitution

- Federalists did not think this was necessary

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8
Q

George Washington

A
  • First President of the US
  • Fought against the French and the British
  • One of the Founding Fathers
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9
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A
  • Founding father
  • Main author of the Declaration of Independence
  • Third US President
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10
Q

Republicanism

A
  • Foundation of the American government

- Citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty

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11
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A
  • Freedom can only be found together not individually
  • “Fraternity”
  • Man is born naturally free
  • Develop a common mind
  • Rise up against the government
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12
Q

Louis XVI

A
  • French King during the Revolution
  • Calls the Estates-General meeting
  • No one has done this since 1613
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13
Q

Estates-General

A
  • Kind of like the Parliament of France
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14
Q

Third Estate

A
  • Walked out of the Estates-General meeting
  • Composed of all of the common people
  • Created the National Assembly
  • Makes France a Constitutional Monarchy
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15
Q

National Assembly

A
  • The Third Estate

- Walked out of the Estates-General meeting

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16
Q

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A
  • Not a constitution but a working manifesto

- Turn France into Britain by centralizing power

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17
Q

Jacobins

A
  • Seized control of France with Robespierre
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18
Q

Maximillian Robespierre

A
  • Instituted a “Reign of Terror” over France
  • Extremely radical
  • First modern dictator
  • Tyranny
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19
Q

“The Terror” and the Radical Revolution

A
  • How Robespierre ruled over France

- The revolutionary army became stronger than the government and took over

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20
Q

French Revolutionary Wars

A
  • Napoleon Bonaparte became the head of the army

- Military takes over the government

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21
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A
  • Leads the revolutionary government
  • Invaded Egypt to block British access to India
  • Begins to defeat everyone
  • Takes over France
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22
Q

Napoleonic Empire

A
  • Ruled by Napoleon
  • In France
  • Military Coup
  • The most unified that Europe has been since Charlemagne’s empire
  • Rewrites France’s law code
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23
Q

Napoleonic Wars

A
  • The last of the great wars between Britain and France

- The biggest war before WWI

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24
Q

Creole Elites

A
  • Local born, but with Spanish “ethnicity”

- To scared to start a revolution

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25
Q

Peninsulars

A
  • People from Spain
  • Tax-collectors, soldiers
  • Rule in the name of the Spanish king
  • Self-govern
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26
Q

South American Wars of Independence

A
  • Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda want to have a “United States of America”
  • Venezuela was the first South American nation to be independent
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27
Q

Simon Bolivar

A
  • Admires Jefferson
  • Wants a “United States”
  • Venezuela
  • After Miranda
  • Leads independence across Spanish “New Granada”
  • The “Republic of Gran Columbia”
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28
Q

Francisco de Miranda

A
  • Venezuelan independence
  • Before Bolivar
  • Believes in revolution
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29
Q

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

A
  • “New Spain” -> Mexico
  • Along with Father Morales
  • Mobilized the mestizo
  • Enact a political and social revolution
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30
Q

Haitian Revolution

A
  • The most radical revolution
  • Mix of French, slaves, mixed, freed
  • L’Ouverture -> slaves rebel -> burn, kill
  • Napoleon lost Haiti
  • Nap. liquidates North America
  • Inspires slave revolts in the US
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31
Q

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A
  • Agreed to ally with the French Revolutionary army
  • 1792 - promised abolition of slavery
  • Became governor of this independent state (Haiti)
  • Encouraged slaves to rebel
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32
Q

Anti-slavery Movement

A
  • Haitian revolts inspire riots in the US
  • Whites get scared
  • US says that Haiti is not a country
  • Is slavery worth the cost and danger?
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33
Q

1848: The Year of European Revolutions

A
  • Many attempted revolutions across Europe
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34
Q

Conervatives

A
  • A person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics
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35
Q

Political Liberty

A
  • Free participation in a market economy

- Property rights

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36
Q

Civic Liberty

A
  • Free speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, freedom of the press
  • Not about voting and government
  • Strong part of capitalism once industrialization starts
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37
Q

Personal Liberty

A
  • The right of individuals to make choices and take actions and be free from other people’s hindrance
  • Brings us closer to where we are today
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38
Q

Social Liberty

A
  • The right of individuals to be free form environmental restrictions on their freedom to reach their potential
  • Poverty, bad health
  • What’s holding a person back today
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39
Q

Liberalism

A
  • Early: applied to whites only
  • France was the first country to introduce it
  • Should have allowed non-property owning men and women to have freedoms
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40
Q

Democracy

A
  • A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
41
Q

Olympe de Gouge

A
  • One of the most influential women in France
  • Instrumental in the French Revolution
  • Revolution will only be real when women are liberated
  • Men cannot solve their problems until the problems of women are solved
42
Q

Mary Wolstonecraft Shelley

A
  • Author of Frankenstein
43
Q

Seneca Falls Confederate

A
  • Elizabeth Caddy Stanton -> used American constitutional language to protest patriarchal government without consent
  • Started this conference
  • The firs women’s rights conference
44
Q

British Industrial Revolution

A
  • Britain was the first industrial nation
  • Started with the cotton industry
  • Soars from 3% of all cotton to 23% of all cotton
45
Q

Mechanization

A
  • The process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery
46
Q

Factories

A
  • Made with the machines in mind
  • Very dangerous
  • Workers lose ownership of their work
47
Q

Industrial Capitalism

A
  • Applied to manufacturing
  • Not just trade
  • Workers using wages to purchase necessities thus generating more industry
48
Q

Cotton Industry

A
  • First got bigger and better in Britain
  • Completely reverses the balance of wealth in the world
  • GB went from 3% of production to 23% of production
49
Q

Steam Engine, Railroads, Steamships

A
  • Advancements that helped to bring in the concept of time

- Were powered by more than just humans

50
Q

Urbanization

A
  • Cities become the norm
  • Jobs are located in the cities
  • People go to the jobs
  • New division between work and leisure d
51
Q

Free Trade

A
  • International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
52
Q

Protectionism/ Protective Tariffs

A
  • The British government banned foreign textile imports in 1700
  • British manufacturers had a monopoly
53
Q

“The American System” or “The List System”

A
  • Create a strong sense of “national” identity
  • A strong, centralized government with a unified “national” identity to give legitimacy to what will be an incredibly disruptive, controversial and costly process
54
Q

Nation

A
  • Did not exist until the Middle Ages
  • Presumed to be the same as the “sovereign state” in which we live
  • We like the people who live in our boarder, and do not like those who don’t
  • Used to refer to a “people group”
  • Was cultural; not like a sovereign state
55
Q

Nation-State

A
  • Countries (today)
  • People should live in boarders and think of themselves as one group
  • Equal citizenship rights to all who will uphold the law and who share a set of common ideals
56
Q

Nationalism

A
  • Every nation ought to have its own state

- People fight for their own national independence based on their national identity

57
Q

Civic Nationalism

A
  • Sovereign states previously under the management of an elite turn themselves into a “nation” - states promising equal citizenship rights to all who will uphold the law and who share a set of common ideals
  • France, Britain, US
  • Ethnic distinctions do not matter; about rights and responsibilities
  • Still exclude the “wrong type” of people
58
Q

Ethnic Nationalism

A
  • Peoples living in multi-ethnic states campaign/fight for national independence based on their “national” identity
  • Mid-19th century Habsburg,Ottoman, and Russian Empires
  • Splitting away
59
Q

Unification of Germany

A
  • Otto von Bismarck
  • Speaking states into Germany
  • 1871
60
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A
  • Unification of Germany in 1871

- From Prussia

61
Q

Unification of Italy

A
  • 1871
  • Italian-speaking states into Italy
  • Reunification nationalism
62
Q

Theodore Herzi

A
  • The founder of Zionism
63
Q

Zionism

A
  • Political movement
  • Not religious
  • Deals with the Jews
  • Largely secular, non-religious Jews
64
Q

Imperialism

A
  • A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
65
Q

Demographic Imperialism

A
  • The first form of Europeans taking control

- Many Europeans moved, created, and filled up new countries

66
Q

“White Settler Colonies”

A
  • Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada
67
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • Application of Darwinism to people

- Survival of the fittest

68
Q

“Civilizing Mission”/ “The White Man’s Burden”

A
  • Rudyard Kipling
  • Poem about the Philippine American War
  • Racial
  • Became an euphemism for imperialism
69
Q

The British Empire

A
  • Victory in 1815 over France gives it 60+ years of almost uncontested global power
  • Controls 1/4 of the world by 1920 -> largest empire ever
  • Industrial revolution helps
  • Dominates financial system
70
Q

“Informal Empire”/ “Empire of Free Trade”

A
  • India

- The East India Company

71
Q

Opium Wars

A
  • Britain vs. China
  • China should open its boarders to freer trade
  • Forced China to trade with other parts of the world
  • Weakened China’s economy
  • China gives Britain Hong Kong
72
Q

French Indochina

A
  • Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Second-largest empire builder
  • Want to catch up with Britain
73
Q

Establishment of British Raj, 1857

A
  • Gave Great Britain direct rule over India
  • Rule transferred to the crown
  • Queen Victoria became the empress
74
Q

“Scramble for Africa”

A
  • The occupation, division, and colonization of Africa by Europe
  • British had the most
75
Q

Berlin Conference Camp; the Partition of Africa

A
  • 1884-5
  • The highpoint of European imperialism
  • Split Africa between the European countries
76
Q

Anglo-Boer War

A
  • British use a concentration camp against the Boers
  • Descendants of the Dutch in Africa
  • Genocide
77
Q

Indian Removal Acts

A
  • 1830s
  • Native American groups were replaced with cotton plantations
  • In the south
78
Q

American-Mexican War

A
  • American settlers illegally immigrated to Mexico
  • Launch a revolution to create Republic of Texas
  • Mexico tried to close, police boarders
79
Q

Manifest Destiny

A
  • US has divine mission to bring civilization, technology, and liberty to barbarian lands
80
Q

American Civil War

A
  • Slave labor or free people?
  • Anti-slavery: stopping expansion, not abolishing it
  • 10 southern states secede
  • Confederate States of America
  • Not about slavery but to defeat and reincorporate the CSA
  • First Total War
81
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A
  • First Republican President
  • New birth of a new nation
  • Emancipation Proclamation
  • Nationalist
  • Father of the America that we know
82
Q

Emancipation Proclaimation

A
  • Slavery is abolished in the CSA by Lincoln in 1863

- How does that work?

83
Q

Segregation (“Jim Crow Laws”)

A
  • State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States
  • After reconstruction
  • “Separate but equal”
84
Q

British North America Act (1867)

A
  • Creation of the Dominion of Canada
  • 3 British colonies merge as the Dominion of Canada with autonomy from Britain, to stop newly united industrialized US taking over
85
Q

Caudillos

A
  • Military dictators who offered stability by repression

- In Central and South America

86
Q

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

A
  • Most famous caudillo

- President of Mexico 11 times

87
Q

Porfirio Diaz

A
  • Modernizer
  • Rules with an iron hand
  • Helps to produce more raw materials
88
Q

War of the French Intervention

A
  • Invasion of Mexico by France
  • Extending the influence of Imperial France
  • Crushed native populations
89
Q

The “Second Conquest” of Latin America”

A
  • Leaders argue inferior “races” and cultures need to be repressed
  • Argentina encouraged millions of European immigrants to inject “better” blood
90
Q

Trade/ Labor Unions

A
  • An organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals, such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages and benefits
91
Q

Social Liberalism

A
  • Government intervention to help individuals overcome their social disadvantages
92
Q

Welfare State

A
  • Introduced for a variety of reasons in the late 19th early 20th century
  • Not just in socialism
  • A direct outcome of living in a non-socialist system
  • Introduced in the late-19th century
  • Otto von Bismark was one of the first
93
Q

Karl Marx

A
  • The Communist Manifesto
  • Marxist Communism
  • Sometimes calls himself a socialist
  • Generated from reading, philosophy, and reasoning
94
Q

The Communist Manifesto

A
  • Written by Karl Marx

- Outlines Marxist Communism

95
Q

Socialism

A
  • Based on justice, efficiency, power, ethics
  • Economy should be collectively owned
  • Misconceptions: big government, government services, welfare
96
Q

State/ Government Socialism

A
  • State owns the means of production, distribution, and exchange, esp. big industries/ infrastructure
  • Central planning of economy to minimize waste
  • Can be non-democratic or democratic
97
Q

Nationalization of Industry

A
  • The process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state
98
Q

Communism

A
  • A political theory derived from Karl Marx
  • Advocates class war and leads to a society in which property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
99
Q

Mexican Revolution (1911 - 17)

A
  • Ended dictatorship in Mexico
  • Set up a constitutional republic
  • Against Porfirio Diaz
  • Francisco Madero becomes leader

HIS 114 - World Civ (11 decks)

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