Module 3 - Study Guide Terms Flashcards
1
Q
The American War of Independence (1776 - 1783)
A
- 13 out of the 26 colonies rebelled
- The colonies were not similar to one another
- The USA was created through the war -> not the aim
- Wanted to preserve existing political rights -> alliance against British Government -> thought was to create sovereign states
- After this failed, unity was the only option
2
Q
“No Taxation Without Representation”
A
- The amount did not matter
- Who was authorizing the taxes did
- Done in colonial assemblies
3
Q
The American Declaration of Independence
A
- 1776
- The creation of our country
- Not looking to create the US by starting a war with Britain -> accidental outcome
4
Q
States (in the American sense of the term)
A
- Places that govern themselves independent of one another but are held together under a central government
- Sovereign
5
Q
Articles of Confederation
A
- The original constitution of the US
- When ratified in 1781, turned into the American Constitution
6
Q
American Constitution
A
- Opposed by some of the Founding Fathers
- Did not think that there needed to be a stronger form of government
- Stronger central government
7
Q
American Bill of Rights
A
- The first 10 amendments to the Constitution
- Federalists did not think this was necessary
8
Q
George Washington
A
- First President of the US
- Fought against the French and the British
- One of the Founding Fathers
9
Q
Thomas Jefferson
A
- Founding father
- Main author of the Declaration of Independence
- Third US President
10
Q
Republicanism
A
- Foundation of the American government
- Citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty
11
Q
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A
- Freedom can only be found together not individually
- “Fraternity”
- Man is born naturally free
- Develop a common mind
- Rise up against the government
12
Q
Louis XVI
A
- French King during the Revolution
- Calls the Estates-General meeting
- No one has done this since 1613
13
Q
Estates-General
A
- Kind of like the Parliament of France
14
Q
Third Estate
A
- Walked out of the Estates-General meeting
- Composed of all of the common people
- Created the National Assembly
- Makes France a Constitutional Monarchy
15
Q
National Assembly
A
- The Third Estate
- Walked out of the Estates-General meeting
16
Q
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A
- Not a constitution but a working manifesto
- Turn France into Britain by centralizing power
17
Q
Jacobins
A
- Seized control of France with Robespierre
18
Q
Maximillian Robespierre
A
- Instituted a “Reign of Terror” over France
- Extremely radical
- First modern dictator
- Tyranny
19
Q
“The Terror” and the Radical Revolution
A
- How Robespierre ruled over France
- The revolutionary army became stronger than the government and took over
20
Q
French Revolutionary Wars
A
- Napoleon Bonaparte became the head of the army
- Military takes over the government
21
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- Leads the revolutionary government
- Invaded Egypt to block British access to India
- Begins to defeat everyone
- Takes over France
22
Q
Napoleonic Empire
A
- Ruled by Napoleon
- In France
- Military Coup
- The most unified that Europe has been since Charlemagne’s empire
- Rewrites France’s law code
23
Q
Napoleonic Wars
A
- The last of the great wars between Britain and France
- The biggest war before WWI
24
Q
Creole Elites
A
- Local born, but with Spanish “ethnicity”
- To scared to start a revolution
25
Q
Peninsulars
A
- People from Spain
- Tax-collectors, soldiers
- Rule in the name of the Spanish king
- Self-govern
26
Q
South American Wars of Independence
A
- Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda want to have a “United States of America”
- Venezuela was the first South American nation to be independent
27
Q
Simon Bolivar
A
- Admires Jefferson
- Wants a “United States”
- Venezuela
- After Miranda
- Leads independence across Spanish “New Granada”
- The “Republic of Gran Columbia”
28
Q
Francisco de Miranda
A
- Venezuelan independence
- Before Bolivar
- Believes in revolution
29
Q
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
A
- “New Spain” -> Mexico
- Along with Father Morales
- Mobilized the mestizo
- Enact a political and social revolution
30
Q
Haitian Revolution
A
- The most radical revolution
- Mix of French, slaves, mixed, freed
- L’Ouverture -> slaves rebel -> burn, kill
- Napoleon lost Haiti
- Nap. liquidates North America
- Inspires slave revolts in the US
31
Q
Toussaint L’Ouverture
A
- Agreed to ally with the French Revolutionary army
- 1792 - promised abolition of slavery
- Became governor of this independent state (Haiti)
- Encouraged slaves to rebel
32
Q
Anti-slavery Movement
A
- Haitian revolts inspire riots in the US
- Whites get scared
- US says that Haiti is not a country
- Is slavery worth the cost and danger?
33
Q
1848: The Year of European Revolutions
A
- Many attempted revolutions across Europe
34
Q
Conervatives
A
- A person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics
35
Q
Political Liberty
A
- Free participation in a market economy
- Property rights
36
Q
Civic Liberty
A
- Free speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, freedom of the press
- Not about voting and government
- Strong part of capitalism once industrialization starts
37
Q
Personal Liberty
A
- The right of individuals to make choices and take actions and be free from other people’s hindrance
- Brings us closer to where we are today
38
Q
Social Liberty
A
- The right of individuals to be free form environmental restrictions on their freedom to reach their potential
- Poverty, bad health
- What’s holding a person back today
39
Q
Liberalism
A
- Early: applied to whites only
- France was the first country to introduce it
- Should have allowed non-property owning men and women to have freedoms
40
Q
Democracy
A
- A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
41
Q
Olympe de Gouge
A
- One of the most influential women in France
- Instrumental in the French Revolution
- Revolution will only be real when women are liberated
- Men cannot solve their problems until the problems of women are solved
42
Q
Mary Wolstonecraft Shelley
A
- Author of Frankenstein
43
Q
Seneca Falls Confederate
A
- Elizabeth Caddy Stanton -> used American constitutional language to protest patriarchal government without consent
- Started this conference
- The firs women’s rights conference
44
Q
British Industrial Revolution
A
- Britain was the first industrial nation
- Started with the cotton industry
- Soars from 3% of all cotton to 23% of all cotton
45
Q
Mechanization
A
- The process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery
46
Q
Factories
A
- Made with the machines in mind
- Very dangerous
- Workers lose ownership of their work
47
Q
Industrial Capitalism
A
- Applied to manufacturing
- Not just trade
- Workers using wages to purchase necessities thus generating more industry
48
Q
Cotton Industry
A
- First got bigger and better in Britain
- Completely reverses the balance of wealth in the world
- GB went from 3% of production to 23% of production
49
Q
Steam Engine, Railroads, Steamships
A
- Advancements that helped to bring in the concept of time
- Were powered by more than just humans
50
Q
Urbanization
A
- Cities become the norm
- Jobs are located in the cities
- People go to the jobs
- New division between work and leisure d
51
Q
Free Trade
A
- International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
52
Q
Protectionism/ Protective Tariffs
A
- The British government banned foreign textile imports in 1700
- British manufacturers had a monopoly
53
Q
“The American System” or “The List System”
A
- Create a strong sense of “national” identity
- A strong, centralized government with a unified “national” identity to give legitimacy to what will be an incredibly disruptive, controversial and costly process
54
Q
Nation
A
- Did not exist until the Middle Ages
- Presumed to be the same as the “sovereign state” in which we live
- We like the people who live in our boarder, and do not like those who don’t
- Used to refer to a “people group”
- Was cultural; not like a sovereign state
55
Q
Nation-State
A
- Countries (today)
- People should live in boarders and think of themselves as one group
- Equal citizenship rights to all who will uphold the law and who share a set of common ideals
56
Q
Nationalism
A
- Every nation ought to have its own state
- People fight for their own national independence based on their national identity
57
Q
Civic Nationalism
A
- Sovereign states previously under the management of an elite turn themselves into a “nation” - states promising equal citizenship rights to all who will uphold the law and who share a set of common ideals
- France, Britain, US
- Ethnic distinctions do not matter; about rights and responsibilities
- Still exclude the “wrong type” of people
58
Q
Ethnic Nationalism
A
- Peoples living in multi-ethnic states campaign/fight for national independence based on their “national” identity
- Mid-19th century Habsburg,Ottoman, and Russian Empires
- Splitting away
59
Q
Unification of Germany
A
- Otto von Bismarck
- Speaking states into Germany
- 1871
60
Q
Otto von Bismarck
A
- Unification of Germany in 1871
- From Prussia
61
Q
Unification of Italy
A
- 1871
- Italian-speaking states into Italy
- Reunification nationalism
62
Q
Theodore Herzi
A
- The founder of Zionism
63
Q
Zionism
A
- Political movement
- Not religious
- Deals with the Jews
- Largely secular, non-religious Jews
64
Q
Imperialism
A
- A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
65
Q
Demographic Imperialism
A
- The first form of Europeans taking control
- Many Europeans moved, created, and filled up new countries
66
Q
“White Settler Colonies”
A
- Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada
67
Q
Social Darwinism
A
- Application of Darwinism to people
- Survival of the fittest
68
Q
“Civilizing Mission”/ “The White Man’s Burden”
A
- Rudyard Kipling
- Poem about the Philippine American War
- Racial
- Became an euphemism for imperialism
69
Q
The British Empire
A
- Victory in 1815 over France gives it 60+ years of almost uncontested global power
- Controls 1/4 of the world by 1920 -> largest empire ever
- Industrial revolution helps
- Dominates financial system
70
Q
“Informal Empire”/ “Empire of Free Trade”
A
- India
- The East India Company
71
Q
Opium Wars
A
- Britain vs. China
- China should open its boarders to freer trade
- Forced China to trade with other parts of the world
- Weakened China’s economy
- China gives Britain Hong Kong
72
Q
French Indochina
A
- Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa
- Second-largest empire builder
- Want to catch up with Britain
73
Q
Establishment of British Raj, 1857
A
- Gave Great Britain direct rule over India
- Rule transferred to the crown
- Queen Victoria became the empress
74
Q
“Scramble for Africa”
A
- The occupation, division, and colonization of Africa by Europe
- British had the most
75
Q
Berlin Conference Camp; the Partition of Africa
A
- 1884-5
- The highpoint of European imperialism
- Split Africa between the European countries
76
Q
Anglo-Boer War
A
- British use a concentration camp against the Boers
- Descendants of the Dutch in Africa
- Genocide
77
Q
Indian Removal Acts
A
- 1830s
- Native American groups were replaced with cotton plantations
- In the south
78
Q
American-Mexican War
A
- American settlers illegally immigrated to Mexico
- Launch a revolution to create Republic of Texas
- Mexico tried to close, police boarders
79
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
- US has divine mission to bring civilization, technology, and liberty to barbarian lands
80
Q
American Civil War
A
- Slave labor or free people?
- Anti-slavery: stopping expansion, not abolishing it
- 10 southern states secede
- Confederate States of America
- Not about slavery but to defeat and reincorporate the CSA
- First Total War
81
Q
Abraham Lincoln
A
- First Republican President
- New birth of a new nation
- Emancipation Proclamation
- Nationalist
- Father of the America that we know
82
Q
Emancipation Proclaimation
A
- Slavery is abolished in the CSA by Lincoln in 1863
- How does that work?
83
Q
Segregation (“Jim Crow Laws”)
A
- State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States
- After reconstruction
- “Separate but equal”
84
Q
British North America Act (1867)
A
- Creation of the Dominion of Canada
- 3 British colonies merge as the Dominion of Canada with autonomy from Britain, to stop newly united industrialized US taking over
85
Q
Caudillos
A
- Military dictators who offered stability by repression
- In Central and South America
86
Q
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
A
- Most famous caudillo
- President of Mexico 11 times
87
Q
Porfirio Diaz
A
- Modernizer
- Rules with an iron hand
- Helps to produce more raw materials
88
Q
War of the French Intervention
A
- Invasion of Mexico by France
- Extending the influence of Imperial France
- Crushed native populations
89
Q
The “Second Conquest” of Latin America”
A
- Leaders argue inferior “races” and cultures need to be repressed
- Argentina encouraged millions of European immigrants to inject “better” blood
90
Q
Trade/ Labor Unions
A
- An organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals, such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages and benefits
91
Q
Social Liberalism
A
- Government intervention to help individuals overcome their social disadvantages
92
Q
Welfare State
A
- Introduced for a variety of reasons in the late 19th early 20th century
- Not just in socialism
- A direct outcome of living in a non-socialist system
- Introduced in the late-19th century
- Otto von Bismark was one of the first
93
Q
Karl Marx
A
- The Communist Manifesto
- Marxist Communism
- Sometimes calls himself a socialist
- Generated from reading, philosophy, and reasoning
94
Q
The Communist Manifesto
A
- Written by Karl Marx
- Outlines Marxist Communism
95
Q
Socialism
A
- Based on justice, efficiency, power, ethics
- Economy should be collectively owned
- Misconceptions: big government, government services, welfare
96
Q
State/ Government Socialism
A
- State owns the means of production, distribution, and exchange, esp. big industries/ infrastructure
- Central planning of economy to minimize waste
- Can be non-democratic or democratic
97
Q
Nationalization of Industry
A
- The process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state
98
Q
Communism
A
- A political theory derived from Karl Marx
- Advocates class war and leads to a society in which property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
99
Q
Mexican Revolution (1911 - 17)
A
- Ended dictatorship in Mexico
- Set up a constitutional republic
- Against Porfirio Diaz
- Francisco Madero becomes leader
