module 5 Flashcards
what type of input is this?
input from the external and internal environment
Sensory Input
Uses incoming sensory signals in order to create a complete picture of the environment
Integration
The nervous system functions to produce an appropriate response by sending motor output signals through motor nerves
Motor Input
The nervous system is divided into two principal subdivision
The central nervous system (CNS) and the
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The ______________ is made up of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
The _______________ is composed of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
Motor (Efferent)
- Autonomic, parasympathetic, sympathetic
- Somatic
Sensory (Afferent)
The ________ functions to transfer electrical signals from the dendrites to the axon
cell body
___________ receive the neuronal signal from other neurons and transfer those signals to the cell body
Dendrites
_______ carry the signal from the cell body to the axon terminals, where the signal is then transferred to other neurons or organ
Axons
___________ neurons have one cellular process that splits into a dendrite and an axon
Pseudounipolar
_______ neurons have one dendrite and one axon that extend directly from the cell body
Bipolar
__________ neurons have multiple dendrites and one axon, summing to three or more cellular processes
Multipolar
The nervous system is also comprised of supporting cells known as __________
neuroglia or glia
Function of glia
protect and support neurons
send signals / communication between neurons
_______ are large star shaped cells
Astrocytes
These cells communicate with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the integrity of the neural tissue
Astrocytes
________ are the most abundant of the glial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
________ perform many protective and immune functions in the CNS
Microglia
__________ are the least common type of supporting cells
Microglia
These cells assist in the production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ependymal
_________ cells are cuboidal in shape and line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
Ependymal
__________ wrap around axons in the CNS to form myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes
_________ cells are equivalent to oligodendrocytes in that they form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS
Schwann
A single Schwann cell can myelinate ____________
a portion of one axon
What is the Cerebrum composed of?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
What is the Brainstem composed of?
Midbrain, Pons and Medulla
The __________ is responsible for interpreting sensory signals, sending out motor signals, and decision making
Telencephalon
The two hemispheres are separated by the _______ fissure
longitudinal
The outer layer of the cerebrum is known as the ____________
cerebral cortex
The fissures and grooves are known as ______, while the lumps and bumps are known as _____
sulci and gyri
________ consists of nerve cell bodies, short interneurons, and glial
Grey matter
________ consists of bundles of nerve fibres and myelinated axons
White matter
_________ facilitate communication between different levels of the CNS, such as between the brain and spinal cord
Projection fibres
_________ facilitate communication between the two hemispheres
Commissural fibres
The ________ is responsible for sensory and motor relay into and out of the brain, as well as control of the autonomic nervous system
Diencephalon
The _________ is responsible for relaying sensory information, except sense of smell, to other areas of the brain
thalamus
The _________ controls the release of hormones through the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
The _______ are three connective tissue membranes protecting the structures of the CNS
meninges
Dura matter
Archnoid matter
Pia matter
_________ is contained within the ventricles and flows from the lateral ventricle to the bloodstream
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
provides a buoyancy effect to the brain, and spinal cord
provides support and protection to the CNS
Cerebrospinal fluid flows from…
Lateral Ventricles
Interventricular Foramen
Third Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
Subarachnoid Space
The regions of the spinal cord
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
The spinal cord is enlarged at the _______ and _______ levels
cervical and lumbar
Why is the spinal cord enlarged at the cervical and lumbar levels?
because of the additional nerves exiting the spinal cord that supply the limbs
Dura mater in the brain consists of __________ of connective tissue, the dura mater of the spinal cord consists of ________
two layers and one layer
The brain contains outer _______ and inner _______, the spinal cord contains inner _______ and outer _______
grey matter and white matter
