module 2 Flashcards
two main components of the bone
outer cortical layer
inner cancellous layer
what is the outer cortical layer?
made up of compact bone, which is hard and strong
what is the inner cancellous layer?
made up of spongy bone, which appears porous and sponge-like
what are the four types of bones?
flat
irregular
long
short
features of long bones
epiphysis, knobby enlarged regions at the end
metaphysis, regions between the two
diaphysis, elongated cylindrical shaft
the ___________ consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
axial skeleton
frontal bone
single bone, forms the forehead
the ________ are paired and form the lateral and inferior walls of the skull
temporal bones
the ________ is a single bone, joins the cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every other bone of the skull
sphenoid
paired, forms superior and lateral surfaces of skull
parietal bones
single, forms posterior wall and the base of the skull
occipital bone
_______ are defined as attachments, or articulations, between the flat bones of the skull
sutures
the _______ refers to the dome-shaped bony roof of the skull that encases the brain
cranial vault (skull cap)
7 bones in the face
maxillary - 2
nasal - 2
zygomatic - 2
mandible - 1
paired bone in the upper jaw bones
maxillary bones
paired bones connected to the frontal bones, forms the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
paired bones that form the cheeckbones
zygomatic bones
single bone that forms the lower jaw
mandible bone
what is the vertebral column composed of?
24 vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
what is the cervical spine?
7 vertebrae
top of the spine
thoracic
12 vertebrae
middle of the spine
lumbar
5 vertebrae
bottom of the spine
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
very bottom of the spine
coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
end of the spine
three basic features of a vertebra
- body
- vertebral arch
- vertebral canal (houses the spinal cord)
the two atypical types of vertebrae
C1 and C2
what is important about the C1 and C2 vertebra?
yes and no movements in the head
the two fit together to allow articulation in the head
the “jelly filled donut” located between two vertebrae, it acts as a shock absorber
intervertebral disc
the lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves
intervertebral foramina
_________ are tough cartilaginous layers that serve to resist compression on the spine
intervertebral discs
formed from fused vertebrae
the sacrum and the coccyx
each _______ articulates directly (individually) with the sternum
true ribs (pairs 1-7)
_______ do not have a direct articulation with the sternum, they join rib 7 to indirectly articulate with the sternum
false ribs (pairs 8-10)
________ have no articulation with the sternum
floating ribs (pairs 11-12)
a long, flat, and twisted bone, consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, shaft (body), and angle
a typical rib
_______ makes up the anterior portion of the thoracic cage
the sternum
the sternum consist of three parts
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
the _____ is made up of the vertabae, ribs and sternum
thoracic cage
the ______ contains 30 bones, extending from the pectoral girdle to the hand.
upper limb
what is the pectoral girdle is composed of?
clavicle and scapula
what is the arm composed of?
the hummerus
what is the forearm composed of?
the radius and ulna
there are 30 bones in the ______, from the pelvic girdle to the foot
lower limb
the ________, which attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton, is formed by the hip bones
pelvic girdle
what is the thigh composed of?
the femur
what is the leg composed of?
the tibia and fibula
an ___________, is the place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth
articulation, or joint
how are mobility and stability related in the joints?
the most mobile joints are the most unstable, while the most stable are the most immobile
the four types of motions in angular joints?
flexion, decreases the angle
extension, increases the angle
abduction, movement away
adduction, movement towards
what is the motion of bones sliding on one another?
gliding (in synovial joints)
_________ is when a joint pivots around its own axis
roation
what are the two types of roation?
medial, towards the midline
lateral, away from the midline
four types of special movements?
supination and pronation (in the forearms)
inversion and eversion (in the foot)
circumduction (combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction)
hyperextension
