Module 4 Flashcards
extinction used when behavior is maintained by positive reinforcement
May involve…
witholding a consequence stimulus
extinction used if behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement
escape extinction
escape extinction
not removing an antecedent aversive stimulus
Skip scratches his arm until it bleeds. His treatment team puts a soft pad on his arm to protect his skin. Now he scratches the pad, w/o injuring himself. Is this an example of extinction?
Yes, it’s called sensory extinction
prevents the feeling of the scratching that was maintaining the behavior
Side effects of extinction(2)
there may be
- extinction burst
- other behaviors, especially emotions responses, agression or behaviors from long ago
Extinction and the RBT (4)
- it will be used in combo w/other behavior building procedures
- follow plan closely
- be prepared for extinction bursst
- be careful not to reinforce during extinction burst
Punishment
is an environmental change that:
follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that behavior
Punishment is defined by
its effect on the specific bheavior it follows, not by what it looks like (topography)
Punishment can be
- positive
- negative
Positive punishment
- a consequence
- specific stimulus is presented (added) or magnified
- as a result that type of response is less likely to happen again
what is the stimulus to positive punishment
positive punisher
appetitive
term in ABA for something pleasant
appetitive conditions and reinforcement
if it follows a response (consequence), it may be reinforcing
appetitive conditions and punishment
if it is removed following a response, it may be punishing
negative punishment
-specific stimulus is removed (terminated) or lessened
result of negative punishment
that type of response is less likely to happen again in the future
the stimulus for negative punishment
negative punisher
for negative punishment to occur…
the behaver has to have something to lose that they want to keep
Punishment and the RBT (4)
- punishment ONLY decreases behavior, that is its primary effect
- punishment has side effects
- must be used with caution
- requires significant prior approval and close oversight
Punishment can be (3)
- positive or negative
- socially mediated or automatic
- unconditioned or conditioned
antecedent
what happens in the environment immediately before the behavior
points to remember with antecedents (2)
- the behaver experiences OTHER ppls behavior as stimuli
- thus a response done by someone else can be an antecedent
precursors
responses by the behavior occurring just before the target response
evoke
an antecedent stimulus that makes a behavior more likely to happen
abate
an antecedent stimulus that makes a bheavior less likely to happen
antecedents and effects (2)
- antecedents have an immediate effect
- make a behavior more (or less) likely to occur now
consequences and effects (2)
- have a delayed effect
- they make the behavior more or less likely to occur in the future
stimulus control
when an antecedent reliably exerts control over a response
stimulus control and antecedents
antecedent stimulus develops this effect when a target response is reinforced more often when that stimulus is present than when it is NOT present
discriminative stimulus
a specific stimulus, which exerts stimulus control over a particular behavior
symbol that represents discriminative stimulus
S^D
S^D signals
the availability of reinforcement
-which is ALWAYS due to a PAST HISTORY of delivery of reinforcement for that behavior in the presence of the S^D
S^D’s effect on responding
evokes responding
SD’s are…(3)
- antecedents
- signal availability of a consequence
- make behavior more likely now
motivating operation
an environmental event/condition that alters the value of some stimulus as a consequence
2 types of motivating operations
establishing operations
abolishing operations
an Establishing Operation (EO) establishes…(2)
- the value of a consequence
- the EO increases the effectiveness of that consequence
EO’s relation to reinforcement
makes reinforcement more effective
an Abolishing Operation (AO) abolishes…(2)
- abolishes the value of a consequence \
- AO decreases the effectiveness of that consequence
AO’s relation to reinforcement
makes reinforcement less effective
MOs effect on behavior (2)
more likely to happen now (evoke
less likely to happen now (abate)
EO and behavior (3)
- has an immediate effect
- is a temporary effect (only lasts while the EO is in play)
- when EO goes away, the value of the reinforcer goes away and behavior is no longer evoked
MO’s, behaviors and momentary frequencys (2)
- (evokes)increases momentary frequency
- abates (decreases the momentary frequency)
discriminative stimuli signal…
signals the availability of consequences due to past history
MO’s either make…(2)
the consequence either more or less valuable
-changes the value of consequences
the antecedent condition that is most likely to evoke behavior occuring is…
when the reinforcer is available (S^D present) and when the reinforcer is valuable (EO)
antecedents and effect
- can make behavior more likely to occur immediately - now (evoke)
- can make bheavior less likely to occur immediately - now (abate)
two types of antecedents
- discriminative stimuli
- motivating operations
to suppress
abate
an environmental event/condition that abolishes the value of a consequence
abolishing operation
general term in ABA for a stimulus or condition that is prleasant or preferred
appetitive
if this type of stimulus or stimulus conditions follows a response it may strengthen that response (function as reinforcement)
appetitive
if this type of stimulus or stimulus condition is removed following a response it may weaken that response (function as punishment)
appetitive
due to a past history of reinforcement in its presence, it ‘signals’ the availability of reinforcement for a specific response
discriminative stimulus
an environmental event/conditio that establishes the value of a consequence
establishng operation
to bring forth
evoke
the process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement
extinction
an environmental event/condition that alters the value of some stimulus as a consequence
motivating operations
removal of a stimulus following a response that results in a weakening (decreased likelihood) of that response in the future)
negative punishment
an appetitive (or enjoyable) situation/condition
time-in
a consequence in which a specific stimulus is presented (added) or magnified (increased) and results in a decreased likelihood of that response in the future
positive punishment
An Sdelta is correlated with
NO reinforcement
all of the following are true statements of _____
1) may make behavior more or less likely to occur in the present
2) alter the value of stimuli
Motivating Operations (MO’s)
