Module 3 Flashcards
Behavior (2)
- can be observed, described and recorded/MEASURED
- involves movement/action
2 ways to observe behavior
- directly
- indirectly
indirect observation of behavior
some behavior can only be observed using special instruments
2 tests that determine whether something is a behavior
- what am I doing test
- dead person test
what am I doing test
- can be measured
- states of being traits f`ail the test
if 2 or more ppl observe a behavior….
must agree the behavior occured
if only 1 person (the behaver) observed it…
t must pass the “what am I doing” test
behavior programs
focus on behavior that an observer can see and measure
topography
what a behavior looks like (vs fuction: what it does)
operant
behavior and its consequence
repertoire
set of behaviors that a person can do with relative ease
response is
a single instance of behavior
Time between when one behavior ended and the next one occurred
inter-response time
latency
the time a stimulus occured vs when a behavior started
public behavro
can be observed by others
private behavior
can only be experienced by the individual doing the behavior
Inter-response time
Time between when one behavior ended and the next one occurred
focus on behavior that an observer can see and measure
Behavior programs
behavior and its consequence
Operant
what a behavior looks like (vs fuction: what it does)
Topography
set of behaviors that a person can do with relative ease
Repertoire
a single instance of behavior
Response
the time a stimulus occured vs when a behavior started
Latency
what relationship is key in behavior analysis
the relationship between behavior and environment
relationship between behavior and environment
a persons behavior is changed by changes in the environment
relationship between environment and behavior
-direct link
there is a direct link between environment and behavior
Environment
everything that a person can experience that is happening around them
the environment is both…
inside and outside the organisms skin
internal environemnt
how you feel, pain, voices in head before seizure
as behavior interventionists we look at what aspects of environment
what happends in evironment before during and after target behavior occured
First 2 rules of doing behavior analysis
ID the behaver, and which behavior (of that individual) we are talking about
Can break down ‘the environment’ into individual events called
stimuli
stimulus
- a change in the environment that can affect behavior
- it is an environmental event
attenuation of a stimulus
stimulus is made less or smaller
for something to count as a stimulus for a person
they have to have attended to/experiences it
Ways to categorize stimuli (3)
- physical aspects
- effect on behavior
- effect on other stimuli
categorizing a stimulus by time (relative to the specific response) (2)
a stimulus can occur
-before a response or after the response
name of two types of stimuli (related in time to the response)
- antecedents
- consequences
A-B-C
antecedent, behavior, consequence
consequence
a stimulus that follows a response
Two main types of consequences
- reinforcement
- punishment
Reinforcement
behavior is either increased or maintained by reinforcement
reinforcer
a consequence that increased or maintained a particular behavior in the future
relationship between reinforcmeent and reinforcers
reinforcement is the process that happens when a behavior is followed by a reinforcer
is a reward a reinfrocer (2)
may or may not function as a reinforcer
defined by its future effect on behavior
Reinforcement can be positive or negative
what each mean
positive= 'added' negative= 'taken away'
positive reinforcement (2)
- specific stimulus is added or increased
- as result that type of response is more likely to happen again in the future
symbol for positive reinforcement
S^R+
S w/subscript R+
if an aversive condition follows a response (as a consequence) it is…
punishing
if an aversive condition is an antecedent to behavior…
person is likley to do something to avoid or escape it
negative reinforcement
a stimulus is REMOVED or reduced after a behavior, and this results in the behavior happening MORE often in future
For negative reinforcement to occur what must be present
an unpleasant condition must be present before the response ocurs
antecedent condition in negative reinforcement
called an aversive
Negative Reinforcement Equation
Irritant - R - S^R
irritant=an aversive antecedent
R= escape response
S=irritant is removed or reduced
unconditioned reinforcers
some stimuli function as reinforcers without prior learning
examples of unconditioned reinforcers (5)
food, water, air, physical contact, pain reduction
learned reinforcers
some stimuli BECOME reinforcing through learning
Examples of learned reinforcers (5)
praise, tokens, money, games, task completion, ‘I love you’, $100 bill
conditioned reinforcers
stimuli that function as reinforcers only after learning, through a process of pairing
pairing
occurs when a stimulus that has no particular effect (like a clicking sound) is presented to the behavor simultaneously with an unconditioned reinforcers (like food)
learning through pairing example
-looks like this
click-food, click-food, click-food
-‘click’ sound will function as conditioned reinforcer w/o need for food
contiguity
nearness in time
importance of contiguity in clicker training
a high degree of contiguity is key
contiguity and the RBT
when conditioning reinforcers, it is important that two stimuli are presented together closely in time
contigency (2)
- exists between two events when one depends on the other
- written as if/then statement
Contiguity, contigency and reinforcement
for reinforcement procedure to work, reinforcer must be delivered
- immediately after target response (close contiguity)
- only after the target response has occured (strong contigency)
socially mediaated reinforcer
when another person provides the reinforcer
automatic reinforcer
when the completion of the response is the reinforcer
all the stimuli and conditions that can effect behavior
environment
operant
behavior that has an effect on the environment
reinforcer
a consequence that increases or maintains the future frequency of the response it follows
ID an element of the environment
A bag of chips is on the table
a) the chips on the table
b) opening the chips
c) eating the chipsa) the chips on the table
which of these is part of a behaving organisms environment
a) the spicy taste of a hot pepper
b) watching a traffic light turn green
c) trying not to scratch a mosquito bite
d) reading a book alone in a room
a) the spicy taste of a hot pepper
select all that are true of a stimulus
a) is an environmental change
b) can be inside or outside of the body
c) affects an organism through its receptors
all of the above
in positive reinforcement a stimulus is _____ following a response
added
