Module 30 Flashcards
Phonemes
The smallest distinctive sound unit in the spoken language.
Bat, has three phonemes. B-a-t
Chat, has three phonemes. Ch-a-t
Language
Our spoken, written, or gesture to word, it is the way we communicate meaning to ourselves and others.
Morpheme
The smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of the word.
Milk = milk Pumpkins = pump-kin-s
Structuring language
Phonemes: basic sounds. Morphemes: smallest meaningful units. Words: meaningful units. Phrase: composed of two or more words. Sentence: composed of many words or infinite.
Semantics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.
Semantic real tells us that adding – ED to the word laugh means that it happened in the past.
Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
Language development
Children learn their native languages much before learning to add 2+2.
We learn on average 3500 words a year, amassing 60,000 words by the time we graduate high school.
Babbling stage
Beginning at four months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds like ah-gooo. Babbling is not imitation of adult speech.
Babbling stage part two
Beginning at 10 months, the babbling comes to resemble the characteristic sounds and intonations of our household language.
One-word stage
Beginning at around the first birthday, a child starts to speak one word and makes family adults understand him. The word dog he may mean look at the dog out there.
Two words stage
Before the second year, a child starts to speak into word sentences. This form of speech is called telegraphic speech in which the child speaks like a telegram.
Longer phrases
After telegraphic speech, children start ordering longer phrases, with syntactical sense and by early elementary school there enjoying humor.
Operant learning
B. F. Skinner believed that language development can be explained on the basis of learning principles, such as Association, imitation, and reinforcement.
Inborn universal grammar
Norm Chomsky opposed Skinners ideas and suggested that rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it was inborn.
Linguistic determinism
Benjamin wharf suggested that language determines the way we think. for example, he noted, did not have past tense for verbs therefore Hopis could not readily think about the past.
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
And research studies, intelligence is whatever the intelligence tests measure, which tends to be school smarts.
Reification
Viewing an abstract and material concept as if it were a concrete thing.
Controversies about intelligence
Is intelligence a single overall ability or several specific abilities?
With modern neuroscience techniques can we locate and measure intelligence within the brain?
General intelligence
The idea of the general intelligence exists comes from the work of Charles Spearman who developed the factor analysis approach and statistics.
L.L. Thurstone
A critic of Spearman, analyzed his subjects not on the single scale of general intelligence, but on seven clusters of primary mental abilities.
Savant syndrome
People who excel and abilities not related to intelligence.
