Module 29 Flashcards
Cognitive psychologists
Thinking involves a number of mental activities listed below, and cognition psychologists study with them with great detail.
concepts, problem-solving, decision-making, and judgment formation.
Cognition
Refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering and. communicating.
Hierarchies
Ways to organize concepts in a way that makes them more simple for us to understand.
Prototype
We form concepts by a mental image or a best example that incorporates items in a category, which is a prototype.
Algorithms
Methodical, logical of rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Algorithms exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution. They take a long time.
Heuristics
Simple thinking strategy is that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. Speedier but more error-prone than algorithms.
Heuristics make it easy for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to problems.
Insight
Involves sudden novel realization of the solution to a problem. Inside is in humans and animals.
Right temporal cortex
This cortex activates when an insight strikes.
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias.
Fixation
Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. Impediment to problem-solving. Two examples are mental set and functional fixedness.
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially away that has been successful in the past.
Functional fixedness
A tendency to think of the only familiar functions for objects.
The inability to think about screwdriver as a weight is functional fixedness about the project.
Representative heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match a particular Proto type.
Availability heuristic
Whatever increases the ease of retrieving information increases it’s perceived availability.
Overconfidence
Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.
Exaggerated fear
Opposed to overconfidence is our tendency for exaggerated fear about how things may happen.
Framing
How an issue or an object is represented.
Belief bias
The tendency for one’s pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making in valid conclusions.
Belief perseverance
Our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
Once you see a country is hostile you’re likely to interpret ambiguous actions on their part as signifying there hostility.
