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Biochemistry 2 > Module 3: Unit 3 > Flashcards

Module 3: Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What direction to the SAP of the sacrum face?

A

Posterior and medial,

Lumbar superior facets are BM, therefore the lumbar inferior factors are AL so the sacral facets would be BM

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2
Q

Explain the orientation of the Sacral Ala ‘wings’

A

Lateral to the body
Fusion of transverse and costal elements
*Common location for stress fractures in osteoporotic patients

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3
Q

With a typical sacral insufficiency fracture pattern how many zones of classification are there?

A

They are classified into three zones (lat 1. to medial 3.). Sacral insufficiency fractures occur when the quality of the sacral bone has become insufficient to handle the stress of weight bearing. If the fracture involves just the ala, there is usually not a risk for nerve damage

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4
Q

On the anterior surface of the sacrum how many osseous ridges are there? How many sacral foramina

A

4 OR
And 4 pairs of sacral foramina

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5
Q

T or F
The posterior surface of the sacrum is convex top to bottom

A

T

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6
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

On the posterior surface —
This is a little opening at the bottom of the sacrum where there is no fusion of 5th laminae

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7
Q

How many dorsal sacral foramina are there? What exits here?

A

4 dorsal sacral foramina,

This is where the dorsal rami exit

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8
Q

On the posterior surface of the sacrum what are the sacral groves?

A

Fused lamina

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9
Q

REVEIW SACRAL Structures on slides 8-13 ish in UNIT 3

A
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10
Q

How many segments makes up the coccyx?

A

Usually 4 segments

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11
Q

_________ is Y-shaped epiphyseal plate that occurs at the junction where the ischium, ilium and pubis meet in the skeletal lay immature skeleton.

A

Triradiate Cartilage,

Closure/fusion at 15-16 years in males and 13-14 years in females

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12
Q

Describe the difference between a male and female pelvis.

A

Male - taller top to bottom, narrower side to side
Pelvic cavity - narrower side to side, V-shaped/conical

Female - shorter top to bottom, wider side to side
Pelvic cavity - wider side to side, cylindrical (sacrum/coccyx don’t curve forward as much, ischial spines don’t)

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13
Q

What does ASIS, and AIIS stand for? Which landmark is the attachment site for a specific muscle?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine
Attachment sites for:
Sartorius (ASIS)

Anterior inferior iliac spine
Attachment sites for:
Rectus femoris (AIIS)

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14
Q

Identify on slide 24 the PSIS, PIIS, and greater sciatic notch

A
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15
Q

On the medial surface of the illium

Identify iliac fossa and sacroprelvic area on medial surface of illium. What portion of the surface do these landmarks make up?

A

Iliac fossa - anterior 2/3s

Sacropelvic area - posterior 1/3

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16
Q

On the sacropelvic area of illium, Identify the articular surface, iliac tuberosity, and pelvic surface. Slide 26

A
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17
Q

Explain false an true pelves.

A

False pelvis - lies above pelvic brim

True pelvis - lies below pelvic brim

Pelvic axis - path of baby during birth

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18
Q

The iliac fossa is the attachment point for what muscle?

A

Iliacus muscle

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19
Q

On the lateral (gluteal) surface where does the rectus femoris attach?

Where does the Gluteus minimus attach? Gluteus maximus?

Review Slide 29 and understand the attachment points*

A

Inferior gluteal line, Recutus femoris attaches below (AIIS)

Gluteus minimus attaches below, and medius attaches above. Anterior gluteal line

Maximus attaches behind Posterior gluteal line

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20
Q

What muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity (sit bone)?
What makes up the ischium?
Look at Slide 34 for reference

A

Bone: Ramus, and ischial tuberosity

Muscles: Biceps femoris, semimembranosis, semitendinosis

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21
Q

What a does the ramus connect with?

A

Connects with pubis (ischiopubic ramus)

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22
Q

What is the Acetabulum? Explain aspects of this structure.

Look at slide 37 for reference

A

Socket where the head of femur meets pelvis.
Fusion of three bones (triradiate cartilage forms a synchondrosis)
Faces lateral, anterior, inferior

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23
Q

What is the obturator foramen (identify on slide 38), and what exits through the obturator canal?

A

OF is formed by ischium and pubis, smaller/trianglular in females.. larger/oval in males.

OC - blood vessels and obturator nerve exit pelvic, into thigh (Obturator nerve = L2-4 nerve roots)

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24
Q

Review List of Lumbopelvic ligaments on slide 40*

Red highlighted ligaments have clinical significance

A

Ice
Is
So
Slippery
Man

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25
Q

Review ligament location on Anterior lumbopelvic region slide 42*

A
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26
Q

At the sacral aspect of the sacral iliac joint we have a very thick layer of hylaine cartilage forming ______ _____.

A

Sacroiliac joint

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27
Q

The sacral canal is a tunnel for what?

A

Neural elements

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28
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bones

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29
Q

At what age does the triradiate cartilage fuse?

A

16 in males, and 14 in females

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30
Q

The iliac crest is composed of what?

A

Outer lip, inner lip, and intermediate zone (for muscular attachment)

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31
Q

What muscle attaches to the ASIS?

What muscle attaches to the AIIS?

A

Sartorius (ASIS)

Rectus femoris (AIIS)

32
Q

On the posterior border of the illium, the PIIS is above what landmark?

A

Greater sciatic notch (merges with ischium)

33
Q

Line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic cymphysis — through iliopectineal line

A

Pelvic brim

34
Q

Lies above pelvic brim

A

False pelvis

35
Q

Lies below pelvic brim

A

True pelvis

36
Q

Path of baby during birth

A

Pelvic axis

37
Q

The iliac fossa is the attachment point for what?

A

Iliacus muscle

38
Q

The lateral gluteal surface has what three gluteal lines and what are their orientations?

A

Inferior gluteal line- rectus femoris attaches below (AIIS)

Anterior gluteal line - (middle gluteal line) - gluteus minimus attaches below, gluteus medius attaches above

Posterior gluteal line - Gluteus Maximus attaches behind

39
Q

The ischial spine serve as a boundary between ______ ______ and _______ ______ ______

A

Greater sciatic and lesser sciatic notch

40
Q

What portion of the ischium curves forward and connects with the pubis.

A

Ramus, ischiopubic ramus

41
Q

What three bones fuse in the acetabulum?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

These bones form a triradiate cartilage that forms a synchondrosis

42
Q

What is the orientation of the acetabulum?

A

Faces lateral, anterior, and inferior

43
Q

Name the anterior lumbopelvic ligaments. (5)

A
  • Iliolumbar ligament
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Anterior sacroiliac ligament
  • Inguinal ligament
  • Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

*SLIDE 40-41-42

44
Q

What anterior lumbopelvic ligament has an upper band that attaches to the posterior portion of the iliac crest and has a lower band that attaches to the anterior lateral portion of the sacral ala.

A

Iliolumbar ligament

45
Q

What lumbopelvic ligaments can have clinical significance?

A
  • Iliolumbar ligament
  • Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
  • sacrotuberous ligament
  • sacrospinous ligament
  • maxilla-accessory ligament
46
Q

What clinical implications does the Iliolumbar ligament possess?

A

If there is asymmetry then that can cause a deviation from the normal biomechanical forces through that region and can. Predispose to degenerative change. This ligament can calcify. Can show ossification on X-Ray

47
Q

What is the clinical implication that comes with the anterior sacroiliac ligament?

A

Thickening of the anterior and inferior portions of the SI joint capsule

48
Q

Where does does the inguinal ligament attach?

A

Connects ASIS to pubic tubercle - protects soft tissues underneath (nerve, artery, vein, lymphatics, (NAVL))
*NOTE: Inguinal region has lots of lymph nodes

49
Q

Name the location of the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament.

A

Resembles the ALL - locates on the anterior side of just the coccyx. Or sacrococcygeal junction

50
Q

Same the location of the superior and inferior pubic ligaments.

A

Superior pubic ligament - across the top of the pubic symphysis

Inferior pubic ligament - bottom of pubic symphysis (aka arcuate lig.)

51
Q

Name the posterior lumbosacral ligaments. (5)

P lease
L ets
S it
S uper
P olitely

A
  • posterior sacroiliac ligaments
  • lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
  • sacrospinous ligament
  • sacrotuberous ligament
  • posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments (superficial/deep)
52
Q

What ligament creates a foramen for the medial branch of the posterior ramus; innervates the facet joints and some fibers of multifidus?

A

Mamillo-Accessory Ligament (MAL)

  • from maxillary process to accessory process
53
Q

The short fibers of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments connect and are located where?

A

Horizontal fibers
Located superiorly at the sacrum. Connecting the S1-2 tubercles (may be more lateral) to iliac tuberosity; PSIS

54
Q

The long fibers of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments connect what are are located where?

A

Vertical fibers, connect S3-4 tubercles; intermediate and lateral crests, PSIS, sacrotuberous ligament

55
Q

What sacroiliac ligament is strongest and what does it connect?

A

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament

Deep to the posterior sacroiliac ligaments, and connects sacral and iliac tuberosities

56
Q

What pelvic ligament is thought of as the joint capsule?

A

Articular ligament (SI joint capsule)

  • margins of the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium — holds them together
57
Q

The sacrotuberous ligament connects what?

A
  • Inferolateral sacrum and ischial tuberosity
  • Fibers also connect to PIIS/PSIS, blending into the long posterior sacroiliac ligament
    *Blends with tendon of the long head of the biceps femoris
58
Q

What is the attachment, shape, and function of the sacrospinous ligament?

A
  • Connects lateral portion of sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine
  • Triangular shaped
  • helps limit movement between the sacrum and ilium/ischium
59
Q

What muscle runs through the greater sciatic foramen and what is the O: I: and A; of this muscle?

A

Piriformis
O: anterior sacrum
I: greater trochanter
A: external rotation of hip

60
Q

What muscle runs through the lesser sciatic foramen? What is the O: I: and A: of this muscle?

A

Obturator internus
O: anterolateral internal pelvis
I: greater trochanter
A: external rotation

61
Q

The posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments are made up of ___________ and ________ portions

A

Superficial and deep

Superficial - continuation of ligaments flvum; protects the S5 and coccygeal nerves

Deep- continuation of the PLL; From: posterior ‘body’ of S5; To: posterior surface of coccyx

62
Q

What ligament connects inferior/lateral sacrum to Transverse process of coccyx and forms the foramen for S5 nerve root?

A

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

63
Q

What ligaments abide between sacral Cornu and coccygeal Cornu on the same side (fibers run vertically)?

A

Intercornual Ligaments

64
Q

How many sacral segments are there during childhood, and what happens to them in adulthood?

A. 5 segments, they fuse by adulthood
B. 6 segments, they fuse by adulthood
C. 3 segments, they fuse by puberty

A

A

65
Q

The superior articular processes of the sacrum are concave and face in which direction?

A

Posterior and medial

66
Q

Where do sacral insufficiency fractures commonly occur?

A. Sacral promontory
B. Sacral canal
C. Sacral base
D. Sacral Ala, near the sacroiliac joint

A

D

67
Q

The auricular surface of the sacrum articulates with which structure?

A. Ischium
B. Ilium
C. Coccyx
D. Pubic symphyssi

A

B

68
Q

The obturator foramen is formed by which two bones?

A. Ischium and pubis
B. Ilium and ischium
C. Pubis and ilium
D. Sacrum and ilium

A

A

69
Q

Which ligament connects the ischial tuberosity to the inferolateral sacrum?

A. Inguinal ligament
B. Iliolumbar ligament
C. Sacrospinous ligament
D. Sacrotuberous ligament

A

D

70
Q

The anterior sacroiliac ligament is a thickening of which structure?

A. Iliolumbar ligament
B. Sacrotuberous ligament
C. SI joint capsule
D. Inguinal ligament

A

C

71
Q

Which ligament forms part of the greater sciatic foramen along with the sacrospinous ligament?

A. Superior pubic ligament
B. Sacrotuberous ligament
C. Inguinal ligament

A

B

72
Q

The inguinal ligament connects the ASIS to which structure?

A. Pubic tubercle
B. Iliac crest
C. Ischial spine
D. PSIS

A

A

73
Q

what is the primary function of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament?

A. Stabilization of the lumbar spine
B. Protection of S5 and coccygeal nerves
C. Connection between sacrum and ilium

A

B

74
Q

Which ligament blends with the anterior sacroiliac ligament to form the lumbosacral ligament?

A. Iliolumbar ligament
B. Inguinal ligament
C. Sacrospinous ligament

A

A

75
Q

the mamillo-accessory ligament (MAL) creates a foramen for which structure?

A. Obturator nerve
B. Sciatic nerve
C. Sacral nerve roots
D. Medial branch of the posterior ramus

A

D

76
Q

Which ligament connects the sacral Cornu to the coccygeal Cornu?

A. Intercornual ligament
B. Posterior sacroiliac ligament
C. Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
D. Posterior sacroiliac ligament

A

A

77
Q

Which ligament connects the lateral sacrum to the transverse process of the coccyx?

A. Interossei us sacroiliac ligament
B. Sacrotuberous ligament
C. Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
D. Sacrospinous ligament

A

C

Biochemistry 2 (22 decks)

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