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Biochemistry 2 > Module 1: Unit 5 > Flashcards

Module 1: Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

When forces exceed tensile strength, failure occurs in the ligament. This is referred to as a:

A. Avulsion fracture
B. Sprain
C. Strain
D. BG fracture

A

B Sprain

Ligament = sprain
Strain involves MUSCULAR injury

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2
Q

Why do ligament injuries take longer to recover? And do they regain 100% integrity?

A

Poor blood supply to the ligaments leads to long recovery times (6-9 months)

No, they do not regain 100% integrity

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3
Q

What ligament connects bone to bone?

A. Skeletal ligament
B. Yellow fibers
C. Visceral ligament
D. Spinal ligament

A

A

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4
Q

What is the name of the ligament that has bone to bone closely packed collagen fibers (white color) and ligaments with more stretch (yellow fibers)?

A

Skeletal ligaments

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5
Q

Name some characteristics of spinal ligaments.

A
  • Allows smooth motion within physiologic range
  • Protect cord by limiting motion of joints
  • Play a minor role in stabilization (muscles are the primary spinal stabilizers)
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6
Q

Name the three ligaments that run the length of the spine.

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
Ligament flavum

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7
Q

Which ligament runs from anterior VB of C2 to Sacrum, and is the thickest in the thoracic spine?

A. ALL
B. PLL
C. Superficial ligament
D. Inferior ligament

A

ALL,

Connects at mid-portion of each VB

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8
Q

What ligament helps prevent excessive extension of the spine?

A

ALL

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9
Q

Name the three general layers of the ALL:

A

Superficial: 3-4 vertebral segments
Intermediate: 2-3 segments
Deep: 2 segments

*Decrease deeper the layer the less vertebral segments expand

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10
Q

What ligament extends from the posterior body of C2 to the sacrum, is inside the spinal canal, and attaches to intervertebral disc and margins of VB’s?

A

PLL

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11
Q

What motion does the PLL inhibit?

A

Hyperflexion

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12
Q

What ligament extends from C2 to the sacrum, blends laterally with articular capsules, connects laminae and resists excessive flexion?

A

Ligamentum Flavum

*Note: facet joint and ligamentum flavum are closely connected

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13
Q

What ligament increases thickness from verticals to sacrum, and provides posterior boundary for central canal?

A

Ligament Flavum

*Note: Fibers thicken with aging (this may lead to stenosis)

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14
Q

What ligament begins at C7-Sacrum connecting apices of SPs? What is above this ligament? Lastly, what action does this limit?

A

Supraspinous ligament

Above C7 is the Nuchal ligament

Hyperflexion

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15
Q

What ligament sits between the SPs? What movement does this ligament limit?

A

Interspinous ligament

Flexion

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16
Q

What ligament takes place from C1-L5, and limits lateral flexion and rotation?

A

Intertransverse Ligament

17
Q

Describe the articular capsules location. Are the fibers perpendicular or parallel to facet joints?

A

Located from C1/2 through L5/S1. Fibers are perpendicular to facet joints. Attach just outside the margins of the facet joints.

*Note: Articular capsules is thinner/looser in C/S and more taut in T/S, L/S

18
Q

Name and describe the upper cervical ligaments.

A

Tectorial membrane - Basilar aspect of occipital to posterior body of C2 (inside the spinal canal

Transverse ligament of atlas - aka cruciate/cruciform ligament. Lies deep/anterior to tectorial membrane.

Alar ligaments (wings) - aka check ligaments. Attach the dens of C2 to the occipital condyles. (LEFT AND RIGHT PAIR)

Apical ligament of dens - from apex of dens to anterior part in of foramen magnum. Between alar ligaments. *Not a significant stabilizer.

Posterior Atlanta-occipital ligament -

Posterior atlanto-axial ligament - From upper border, posterior arch of C1 to posterior margin of foramen magnum

Lateral atlanto-occipital ligament - Jugular process of occipital, to TP of C1.A

Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament - Anterior margin of foramen magnum to upper border of anterior arch of C1.

Nuchal ligament - Connects EOP (external occipital protuberance), C1 posterior tubercle, C2-C7 SP’s.

19
Q

Which of the following ligaments prevent lateral flexion?

A. Intertransverse
B. Interspinous
C. Ligamentum flavum
D. ALL

A

A

20
Q

Which of the following ligaments transitions into the tectorial membrane?

A. Cruciate ligment
B. Apical ligament
C. Posterior longitudinal
D. Anterior longitudinal

A

C

21
Q

True or false: Ligaments have pool vascular supply, which may lead to less than 100% recovery following a sprain

A

True

22
Q

Which of the following ligaments attach the dens to the sides of the foramen magnum?

A. Lateral Atlanta-occipital
B. Alar
C. Apcial
D. Transverse

A

B

23
Q

Which of the following ligaments extends from C7 to the sacrum?

A. Interspinous
B. ALL
C. PLL
D. Supraspinous

A

D

24
Q

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis involves ossification of which of the following ligaments?

A. Sacrotuberous
B. PLL
C. ALL
D. Sacrospinous

A

C

25
Q

Study Slide 95 on locations of ligaments in relation to one another.**

A
26
Q

Name the three ligaments bands: describe them. Cross

A

Transverse band - Attaches to medial tubercle of the lateral mass. Articular capsule between transverse ligament and dens

Superior band - Attaches to anterior foramen magnum

Inferior band - Attaches to the body of C2; may be absent

27
Q

What inflammatory conditions would would alert a chiropractor with not doing treatment on a patient?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis

  • disease can have spinal involvement, especially in cervical, which can lead to Atlanta-axial instability and a chiro could make worse.

Biochemistry 2 (20 decks)

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