Module 2: Unit 2 Flashcards
How is the CNS classified?
What is the classification of the PNS?
Brian and spinal cord (cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord)
Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, plus the ganglia
Functionally, Sensory/Afferent involves what?
Transmit impulses to CNS
Functionally, motor/efferent involves what?
transmitting impulses from CNS to various structures in the body
What are nerve cells also known as?
Neurons = conduct electrical impulses
What are the Glial cells also known as?
Neuroglial cells = the supporting cells
What does the somatic afferent do functionally?
Innervates skin, eyes, ears.
What does the visceral afferent do functionally?
Controls unconscious and conscious sources.
Ex: Regulates the cardiovascular system, heart, lungs, gastrointestinal, and urogenital organs. Involved in regulating BP, breathing patterns, and gut mobility.
What does somatic efferent do functionally?
Transmit impulses from CNS to various stuctures in the body.
Efferent somatic involves voluntary action, such as skeletal system moving parts of the body.
What does Autonomic efferent do functionally?
Autonomic efferent is involuntary, hormone secretion, and heart pumping.
Where in the neutron are proteins made, have a nucleus containing liptochromatic DNA and contains rough ER?
Cell Body
What is Chromatophilic (Nissi) Substance?
A basophilic material primarily composed of RNA and proteins in aggregate with rough ER. It is a granular material in the cytoplasm of nerve cells that is involved in protein synthesis and cellular metabolism.
What substances such as plasma membrane and cytoplasm are found within the axon and are known as what?
Axoplasm, and Axolemma
True or false: Axon is a longer process than Dendrites
True
True or false: Dendrites are efferent in nature
False
Dendrites are afferent in nature (collect signals and bring them to cell body)
Axons are efferent in nature (takes signal away from cell body to synapse)
True or false: Dendrites originate in the axon hillock
False
Axons originate in the axon hillock, and dendrites originate at the cell body
Which neuron is most common?
A. Bipolar
B. Anaaxonic
C. Multipolar
D.unipolar
C
Which description matches the unipolar neuron?
A. Has one dendrite
B. Does not have ability to produce action potential
C. Has multiple dendrites
D. Has single short process
D
Which type of neuron does not have the ability to produce action potentials?
Anaxonic neuron
Which type of neuron has only one dendrite?
Bipolar neuron
What is the function of the voltage-regulated calcium (Ca2+) channel?
Influx of Ca2+ ions
- Exocytosis of neuro transmitter vesicles
What do all the components of the synapse aim to do?
These components ensures that the signal transduction is uni directional
Which morphological type of synapse involves an axon to cell bodies interaction?
A. Axodendritic synapse
B. Axosomatic synapse
C. Axoaxonic synapse
B
Which morphological type of synapse involves an axon to dendrite interaction?
A. Axoaxonic
B. Axosomatic
C. Axodendritic
C
Which morphological type of synapse involves an axon to axon interaction?
Axoaxonic synapses
Which of the following is NOT a type of glial cell found in the CNS?
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Schwann cells
C. Astrocytes
D. Ependymal cells
B
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
A. Production of cerebrospinal fluid
B. Formation of BBB
C. Myelination of axons
D. Immune defense
C
The BBB is composed of:
A. Ependymal cells and choroid plexus
B. Capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and astrocyte processes
C. Capillary endothelium only
D. Basement membrane and Pia mater
B
What is the primary function of microglia in the CNS?
A. Myelination of axons
B. Production of cerebrospinal fluid
C. Formation of BBB
D. Immune defense and phagocytosis
D
What is the primary function of the choroid plexus?
A. To provide immune defense in the CNS
B. To form the BBB
C. To produce and secrete cerebrospinal fluid
D. To insulate axons in the CNS
C
Which of the following cell types is responsible for myelination in the PNS?
A. Schwann cells
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Astrocytes
A
What type of synapse occurs between an axon and a cell body?
A. Dendrodendritic
B. Axosomatic
C. Axoaxonic
B
Which of the following statements about myelinated nerve fibers is correct?
A. They have Schwann cells forming myelin sheaths around axons
B. They are found only in the CNS
C. They have a slower condition velocity compared to unmyelinated fibers
D. They are formed by oligodendrocytes in the PNS
A
Which of the following is NOT a type of neuron based on structure?
Multipolar
Tetrapolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Tetrapolar
Where are the Purkinje cell bodies found?
Cortex of the cerebellum
What is the function, and location of the Ependymal cell?
Lines ventricles of the Brian and central canal of SC
Assists in production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
part of CNS
Name all of the Glial cell types and their groupings within the nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Astrocytes (CNS)
Ependymal cell (CNS)
Microglia (CNS)
Schwann cell (PNS)
Satellite cells (PNS)
Name the function and location of Astrocytes.
Main function is structural and metabolic support of neurons, especially at synapses; repair processes.
Located in CNS
Name the function and location of oligodendrocyte.
Functions myelin production, electrical insulation of CNS axons, which allows for faster action potentials propagation along axons in the CNS.
Located in CNS
Name the function and location of the Astrocyte.
Functions to form part of the BBB, regulates interstitial fluid composition. Provides structural support and organization to the CNS. Assists with neuronal development and replicates to occupy space of dying neurons. *largest glial cell in size, forms scar tissue and is most common nerve cell.
Located in CNS
What is the function and location of Microglia?
Functions in defence and immune related activities. Phagocytotic in nature.
Located in CNS, originate in bone marrow.
Name the function and location of Schwann cells.
Myelin production, and electrical insulation.
Found in the PNS
Name the satellite cells function and location.
Main function is to insulate, protect and nourish the cell bodies of PNS neurons in ganglia.
Located in PNS.
*Reminder slide. Go look at identification micro slides of types of neuroglia. Slides 30-39 on module 2:unit2
What are the three anatomical classifications of the CNS?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
What are the three anatomical classifications for PNS?
Nerve fiber, nerve organization, ganglia
The cerebral cortex is composed of what neuron, and is this neuron efferent or afferent in nature?
Pyramidal neurons, these are arranged vertically and are often found connected to glial cell like Astrocytes. They ARE EFFERENT in nature.
They give out long vertical dendrites that radiate towards the surface.
What are the three layer of the cerebellum cortex? Describe the location of each layer in relation to one another.
Molecular layer (ML) - the outer layer —> relatively few neurons and large number of unmyelinated fibers
Purkinje cells layer (PL) - between molecular and granular layers, huge neuron cells
Granular cell layer (GL) - the innermost layer, extremely cellular
VIEW SLIDE 42 for visual
What is the cortex of the cerebellum referred to as? What is the medulla of the referred to as?
Cortex of cerebellum = grey matter
Medulla = white matter
VIEW slide 41 for visual
Describe Purkinje cells and what they look like?
Very large cell bodies
- A relatively fine axon extending down through the granular cell layer
*Identify on slide 44
Module 2:Unit 2
Define meninges and name the three structures of meninges.
Meninges are structures for neurons (protection) *connective tissue that protect the brain and Spinal Cord
Pia mater
Arachnoid
Dura mater
What is the Dura Mater?
Dense irregular connective tissue
*made up from the periosteal layer and meningeal layer
What is the Arachnoid layer? Describe the two layers.
The arachnoid is a meningeal layer below the dura mater. It is also made up from the Trabeculae layer. This layer is the CSF spider web structured cushion.
What is the Pia mater? Is it the deepest meningeal layer?
The Pia mater are the flat cells-closely associated with the nerve tissue. You can have blood vessels running above Pia mater, and nerve tissue below the mater. These vessels on the Pia mater can also have Astrocytes attached to them.
Explain the components that make up the (blood brain barrier (BBB) and the function of the BBB.
The BBB is made up of: capillary endothelium, basement membrane of the endothelial cells and processes of Astrocytes.
*Functions to protect the neurons and the glia from any kind of toxins or infectious agents that could be floating around in the blood
What is the function of the Corpus Plexus and where is it found?
Remove water from blood and release it as the CSF. It is found within the ventricles of the brain.
True or false: Nerve fibers in the PNS are made of axons that are covered with Schwann cells
True
Review Slides 55-56 on myelinated and unmyelinated axons for pictured reference.
Name and describe the nerve levels of organization.
Picture diagram on slide 57*
Axon covered by myelin sheath —> Endoneurium *connective tissue (surrounded the myelin sheath of each individual nerve fiber) —> Group of Endoneurium is covered by fascicle —> this is then covered by the perineurium *also connective tissue —> Lastly, the Epineurium covers all these fascicles collectively from the outside.
Axon/myelin sheath —> Endoneurium (connective tissue) —> Fascicle —> Perineurium (connective tissue) —> Epineurium
