Module 1: Unit 1 Flashcards
What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?
The musculoskeletal system consists of muscle, bones, bone marrow, joints, cartilage, and bursae.
How many bones are in the human body?
The body contains 206 bones.
How many muscles are in the human body?
The body contains more than 600 muscles.
Where are joints located?
Joints are located any place that two or more bones meet and contain cartilage and bursae.
What are the functions of the muscular system?
The functions of the muscular system are movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
The functions of the skeletal system are to provide a framework for the body, protect the soft body parts such as the brain, store calcium, and produce blood cells.
How do the organs and structures of the musculoskeletal system work together?
They work together to protect, support, and move the body.
What is the medical prefix for bones?
oste/o
This prefix is used in various medical terms related to bones.
What is the medical prefix for cartilage?
chondr/o
This prefix is commonly found in terms related to cartilage.
What is the medical prefix for joints?
arthr/o
This prefix is used in medical terminology regarding joints.
What is the medical prefix for muscles?
my/o and myos/o
Both prefixes are utilized in terms related to muscle tissue.
What are the components of bone make-up?
- Osseous (bony) tissue
- Blood vessels
- Nerves
- Bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue)
These components work together to form the structure and function of bones.
How does cartilage compare to osseous tissue?
- Resembles osseous (bony) tissue
- More flexible
- Less dense due to lack of calcium salts
Cartilage serves as a supportive structure but differs significantly from bone in composition and flexibility.
How many bones are in the adult human body?
206 bones
What are long bones? Give examples.
Thigh, lower leg, upper arm, lower arm
What are short bones? Give examples.
Wrist, ankle
*Small irregular shaped
What are flat bones and where are they found?
Bones covering soft body parts
What are sesamoid bones?
Small, rounded bones resembling grains of sesame, found near joints
What is the periosteum?
Outermost layer of the bone made up of fibrous tissue
What is compact bone?
Dense, hard layers of bone tissue lying underneath the periosteum
What is cancellous (spongy) bone?
Bone that contains small spaces like a sponge, encased in compact bone
What is the endosteum?
Membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
What does the suffix -physis mean?
To grow
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft or middle region of a long bone
What is the epiphysis?
Each end of a long bone
What is the epiphyseal line or plate?
Area of cartilage tissue that is replaced by new bony tissue as the bone grows
What is bone marrow?
Material found in the cavities of bones
What is red marrow?
Thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and ends of long bones, location of blood cell formation
What is yellow marrow?
Soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
What is the maxilla?
Upper jawbone
What is the mandible?
Lower jawbone
What is the cranium?
Skull
What does the prefix ‘Rachi/o’ refer to?
Spine or vertebral column
What do ‘Spondyl/o’ and ‘Vertebr/o’ signify?
Vertebra
What does ‘Disk/o’ refer to?
Intervertebral disk
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (C1-C7)
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 (T1-T12)
What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae?
Articulate with 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (L1-L5)
What is the sacrum composed of?
5 fused vertebrae forming a triangular bone
What is the coccyx?
Four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
What is a lamina in the context of the vertebral column?
Part of the vertebral arch
What is the common name for the clavicle?
Collarbone
Clavic/o
Clavicul/o
Supraclavicular
What is the scapula commonly referred to as?
Shoulder blade
What is the sternum also known as?
Breastbone
Stern/o
Substernal
What is the xiphoid process?
Lower part of the sternum
What are ribs also known as in medical terminology?
Cost/o
What is the humerus?
Upper arm bone
Humeral
Humer/o
Which bone is located on the pinky side of the lower arm?
Ulna
Uln/o
Ulnar
Which bone is located on the thumb side of the lower arm?
Radius
Radi/o
Radial
What are the carpal bones?
Wrist bones
Carp/o
Carpectomy
What are metacarpal bones?
Bones that are beyond the carpals
Meta- = after, beyond, change
Metacarpectomy
What are phalanges?
Finger and toe bones
Phalang/o
Phalangeal
What three bones make up the pelvic (hip) bones?
- Ischium: Bone which one sits
Ischi/o - Ilium: Upper, wing-shaped, on each side
Illi/o - Pubis: anterior portion of pelvis
Pubic
Pub/o
What is the femur?
Thigh (upper leg) bone
Femoral
Femor/o
What is the tibia commonly known as?
Shin bone
Tibi/o
Tibial
What is the fibula?
Smaller bone of the lower leg (lateral from the tibia)
Fibul/o
Fibular
What is the patella?
Kneecap
Patell/o
Patellar
What are tarsal bones?
Ankle bones (hind part of the foot)
Tars/o
What is the calcaneus?
Heel bone, largest of the tarsals
What are metatarsal bones?
Foot bones (midfoot)
Metatars/o
Metatarsectomy
What are joints?
A coming together of two or more bones, also known as articulation
The medical term for joints is Arthr/o.
What are suture joints?
Immovable joints that are closely united, such as skull bones
Suture joints provide stability and protection.
What are synovial joints?
Freely movable joints, examples include hip, shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle
The medical term for synovial joints is synovi/o.
What is the synovial membrane?
A membrane that lines the inner joint capsule
It plays a crucial role in joint lubrication.
What is synovial fluid?
Fluid that lubricates the joints
It reduces friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints.
What is the joint capsule?
A structure that surrounds a synovial joint
It helps maintain joint stability.
What is articular cartilage?
Cartilage covering the ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint
The medical term for cartilage is Chondr/o.
What is a meniscus?
Crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee
The medical term for meniscus is Menisc/o.
What are bursae?
Closed sacs of synovial fluid located near a joint, serving as lubricating cushions between tissues
The medical term for bursa is burs/o.
What is the function of ligaments?
Connecting tissue that binds bone to bone at a joint
They provide stability to the joint.
What are tendons?
Connective tissue that connects muscles to bones
The medical terms for tendons include ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o.
What does the combining form ‘ankyl/o’ mean?
Crooked, stiff, or bent
Example terms: Ankylosis, Ankylosing spondylitis.
What does the combining form ‘kinesi/o’ refer to?
Movement or motion
Example term: Kinesiology.
What does the combining form ‘kyph/o’ indicate?
Hump
Example term: Kyphosis.
What does the combining form ‘lord/o’ mean?
Bent forward (curve, swayback)
Example term: Lordosis.
What does the combining form ‘myel/o’ stand for?
Bone marrow
Example term: Multiple myeloma.
What does the combining form ‘my/o’ or ‘myos/o’ represent?
Muscle
Example terms: Myositis, Myopathy.
What does the combining form ‘oste/o’ refer to?
Bone
Example term: Osteomyelitis.
What does the combining form ‘petr/o’ mean?
Stone
Example term: Osteopetrosis.
What does the combining form ‘scoli/o’ indicate?
Crooked or curved
Example term: Scoliosis.
What does the prefix ‘inter-‘ mean?
between
Example: Intervertebral disk
What does the prefix ‘supra-‘ mean?
above
Example: Supraclavicular
What do the prefixes ‘sym-‘ and ‘syn-‘ signify?
together, joined
Examples: Symphysis, Syndrome
What does the suffix ‘-asthenia’ indicate?
weakness
Example: Myasthenia
What do the suffixes ‘-clasia’, ‘-clasis’, and ‘-clast’ mean?
break
Examples: Arthroclasia, Osteoclasis, Osteoclast
What does the suffix ‘-desis’ refer to?
surgical fixation, fusion
Example: Vertebral arthrodesis
What does the suffix ‘-physis’ mean?
growth
Examples: Symphysis, Epiphysis
What does the suffix ‘-schisis’ signify?
split, fissure
Example: cranioschisis
Name a disease term built from word parts that includes ‘ankylosis’.
ankylosis
Other terms include: lordosis, arthritis, maxillitis
Name a disease term built from word parts that includes ‘bursitis’.
bursitis
Other terms include: meniscitis, chondromalacia, myasthenia
What is the term for the inflammation of a disk?
diskitis
Related terms: osteitis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis (OA)
What is the term for the abnormal curvature of the spine known as hunchback?
kyphosis
Abduction
drawing away from the middle
Adduction
Drawing toward the middle
Eversion
Turning outward
Inversion
Turning inward
