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Biochemistry 2 > Module 1: Unit 1 > Flashcards

Module 1: Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

A

The musculoskeletal system consists of muscle, bones, bone marrow, joints, cartilage, and bursae.

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2
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

The body contains 206 bones.

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3
Q

How many muscles are in the human body?

A

The body contains more than 600 muscles.

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4
Q

Where are joints located?

A

Joints are located any place that two or more bones meet and contain cartilage and bursae.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

The functions of the muscular system are movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

The functions of the skeletal system are to provide a framework for the body, protect the soft body parts such as the brain, store calcium, and produce blood cells.

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7
Q

How do the organs and structures of the musculoskeletal system work together?

A

They work together to protect, support, and move the body.

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8
Q

What is the medical prefix for bones?

A

oste/o

This prefix is used in various medical terms related to bones.

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9
Q

What is the medical prefix for cartilage?

A

chondr/o

This prefix is commonly found in terms related to cartilage.

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10
Q

What is the medical prefix for joints?

A

arthr/o

This prefix is used in medical terminology regarding joints.

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11
Q

What is the medical prefix for muscles?

A

my/o and myos/o

Both prefixes are utilized in terms related to muscle tissue.

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12
Q

What are the components of bone make-up?

A
  • Osseous (bony) tissue
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue)

These components work together to form the structure and function of bones.

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13
Q

How does cartilage compare to osseous tissue?

A
  • Resembles osseous (bony) tissue
  • More flexible
  • Less dense due to lack of calcium salts

Cartilage serves as a supportive structure but differs significantly from bone in composition and flexibility.

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14
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206 bones

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15
Q

What are long bones? Give examples.

A

Thigh, lower leg, upper arm, lower arm

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16
Q

What are short bones? Give examples.

A

Wrist, ankle

*Small irregular shaped

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17
Q

What are flat bones and where are they found?

A

Bones covering soft body parts

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18
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Small, rounded bones resembling grains of sesame, found near joints

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19
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Outermost layer of the bone made up of fibrous tissue

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20
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense, hard layers of bone tissue lying underneath the periosteum

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21
Q

What is cancellous (spongy) bone?

A

Bone that contains small spaces like a sponge, encased in compact bone

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22
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

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23
Q

What does the suffix -physis mean?

A

To grow

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24
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft or middle region of a long bone

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25
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

Each end of a long bone

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26
Q

What is the epiphyseal line or plate?

A

Area of cartilage tissue that is replaced by new bony tissue as the bone grows

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27
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

Material found in the cavities of bones

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28
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and ends of long bones, location of blood cell formation

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29
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

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30
Q

What is the maxilla?

A

Upper jawbone

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31
Q

What is the mandible?

A

Lower jawbone

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32
Q

What is the cranium?

A

Skull

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33
Q

What does the prefix ‘Rachi/o’ refer to?

A

Spine or vertebral column

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34
Q

What do ‘Spondyl/o’ and ‘Vertebr/o’ signify?

A

Vertebra

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35
Q

What does ‘Disk/o’ refer to?

A

Intervertebral disk

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36
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7 (C1-C7)

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37
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12 (T1-T12)

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38
Q

What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Articulate with 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

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39
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5 (L1-L5)

40
Q

What is the sacrum composed of?

A

5 fused vertebrae forming a triangular bone

41
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

42
Q

What is a lamina in the context of the vertebral column?

A

Part of the vertebral arch

43
Q

What is the common name for the clavicle?

A

Collarbone

Clavic/o
Clavicul/o
Supraclavicular

44
Q

What is the scapula commonly referred to as?

A

Shoulder blade

45
Q

What is the sternum also known as?

A

Breastbone

Stern/o
Substernal

46
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

Lower part of the sternum

47
Q

What are ribs also known as in medical terminology?

A

Cost/o

48
Q

What is the humerus?

A

Upper arm bone

Humeral
Humer/o

49
Q

Which bone is located on the pinky side of the lower arm?

A

Ulna

Uln/o
Ulnar

50
Q

Which bone is located on the thumb side of the lower arm?

A

Radius

Radi/o
Radial

51
Q

What are the carpal bones?

A

Wrist bones

Carp/o
Carpectomy

52
Q

What are metacarpal bones?

A

Bones that are beyond the carpals

Meta- = after, beyond, change
Metacarpectomy

53
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Finger and toe bones
Phalang/o
Phalangeal

54
Q

What three bones make up the pelvic (hip) bones?

A
  • Ischium: Bone which one sits
    Ischi/o
  • Ilium: Upper, wing-shaped, on each side
    Illi/o
  • Pubis: anterior portion of pelvis
    Pubic
    Pub/o
55
Q

What is the femur?

A

Thigh (upper leg) bone

Femoral
Femor/o

56
Q

What is the tibia commonly known as?

A

Shin bone

Tibi/o
Tibial

57
Q

What is the fibula?

A

Smaller bone of the lower leg (lateral from the tibia)

Fibul/o
Fibular

58
Q

What is the patella?

A

Kneecap

Patell/o
Patellar

59
Q

What are tarsal bones?

A

Ankle bones (hind part of the foot)

Tars/o

60
Q

What is the calcaneus?

A

Heel bone, largest of the tarsals

61
Q

What are metatarsal bones?

A

Foot bones (midfoot)

Metatars/o
Metatarsectomy

62
Q

What are joints?

A

A coming together of two or more bones, also known as articulation

The medical term for joints is Arthr/o.

63
Q

What are suture joints?

A

Immovable joints that are closely united, such as skull bones

Suture joints provide stability and protection.

64
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Freely movable joints, examples include hip, shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle

The medical term for synovial joints is synovi/o.

65
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

A membrane that lines the inner joint capsule

It plays a crucial role in joint lubrication.

66
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Fluid that lubricates the joints

It reduces friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints.

67
Q

What is the joint capsule?

A

A structure that surrounds a synovial joint

It helps maintain joint stability.

68
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Cartilage covering the ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint

The medical term for cartilage is Chondr/o.

69
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

Crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee

The medical term for meniscus is Menisc/o.

70
Q

What are bursae?

A

Closed sacs of synovial fluid located near a joint, serving as lubricating cushions between tissues

The medical term for bursa is burs/o.

71
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Connecting tissue that binds bone to bone at a joint

They provide stability to the joint.

72
Q

What are tendons?

A

Connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

The medical terms for tendons include ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o.

73
Q

What does the combining form ‘ankyl/o’ mean?

A

Crooked, stiff, or bent

Example terms: Ankylosis, Ankylosing spondylitis.

74
Q

What does the combining form ‘kinesi/o’ refer to?

A

Movement or motion

Example term: Kinesiology.

75
Q

What does the combining form ‘kyph/o’ indicate?

A

Hump

Example term: Kyphosis.

76
Q

What does the combining form ‘lord/o’ mean?

A

Bent forward (curve, swayback)

Example term: Lordosis.

77
Q

What does the combining form ‘myel/o’ stand for?

A

Bone marrow

Example term: Multiple myeloma.

78
Q

What does the combining form ‘my/o’ or ‘myos/o’ represent?

A

Muscle

Example terms: Myositis, Myopathy.

79
Q

What does the combining form ‘oste/o’ refer to?

A

Bone

Example term: Osteomyelitis.

80
Q

What does the combining form ‘petr/o’ mean?

A

Stone

Example term: Osteopetrosis.

81
Q

What does the combining form ‘scoli/o’ indicate?

A

Crooked or curved

Example term: Scoliosis.

82
Q

What does the prefix ‘inter-‘ mean?

A

between

Example: Intervertebral disk

83
Q

What does the prefix ‘supra-‘ mean?

A

above

Example: Supraclavicular

84
Q

What do the prefixes ‘sym-‘ and ‘syn-‘ signify?

A

together, joined

Examples: Symphysis, Syndrome

85
Q

What does the suffix ‘-asthenia’ indicate?

A

weakness

Example: Myasthenia

86
Q

What do the suffixes ‘-clasia’, ‘-clasis’, and ‘-clast’ mean?

A

break

Examples: Arthroclasia, Osteoclasis, Osteoclast

87
Q

What does the suffix ‘-desis’ refer to?

A

surgical fixation, fusion

Example: Vertebral arthrodesis

88
Q

What does the suffix ‘-physis’ mean?

A

growth

Examples: Symphysis, Epiphysis

89
Q

What does the suffix ‘-schisis’ signify?

A

split, fissure

Example: cranioschisis

90
Q

Name a disease term built from word parts that includes ‘ankylosis’.

A

ankylosis

Other terms include: lordosis, arthritis, maxillitis

91
Q

Name a disease term built from word parts that includes ‘bursitis’.

A

bursitis

Other terms include: meniscitis, chondromalacia, myasthenia

92
Q

What is the term for the inflammation of a disk?

A

diskitis

Related terms: osteitis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis (OA)

93
Q

What is the term for the abnormal curvature of the spine known as hunchback?

A

kyphosis

94
Q

Abduction

A

drawing away from the middle

95
Q

Adduction

A

Drawing toward the middle

96
Q

Eversion

A

Turning outward

97
Q

Inversion

A

Turning inward

Biochemistry 2 (20 decks)

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