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BTC Human A & P 2 > Module 3 Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Module 3 Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism

A
  • produces energy

- breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules

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2
Q

Anabolism

A
  • requires energy

- combines simpler / smaller molecules into larger ones

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3
Q

2 forms of energy released during catabolism.

A
  1. Heat: maintain body temperature

2. Chemical energy: continual formaton of ATP and cellular functions

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4
Q

4 main fates of glucose in body cells

A
  1. ATP production
  2. Amino acid synthesis
  3. Glycogen synthesis
  4. Triglyceride synthesis
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5
Q

Glycogenesis

A
  • glucose is converted to glycogen

- stored in liver & skeletal muscle during periods of excess glucose

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6
Q

When liver is “full” of glycogen it converts excess to what?

A

Fatty acids (forms part of triglycerides) and stores them in adipose tissue.

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7
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

-glycogen broken down to form glucose when blood glucose levels are low

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8
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
  • occurs in liver

- glucose formed from triglycerides & amino acids (non-carbo sources).

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9
Q

When utilizing triglycerided in gluconeogenesis which part of triglycerides can be used?

A

Glycerol

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10
Q

Lipid transport: what transports lipids through blood?

A

Lipoproteins

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11
Q

Components of a lipoprotein?

A
  1. Phospholipid & cholesterol
  2. Protein
  3. Triglyceride
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12
Q

VLDL

A
  • very low density lipoprotein
  • bad cholesterol
  • deposits triglycerides into smooth muscle
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13
Q

LDL

A
  • low density lipoprotein
  • bad cholesterol
  • deposits triglycerides into smooth muscle
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14
Q

HDL

A
  • high density lipoprotein
  • good cholesterol
  • takes triglycerides out of body to the liver
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15
Q

3 fates of lipids

A
  1. Storage
  2. Synthesize molecules
  3. Make ATP
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16
Q

Lipolysis

A

Where glycerol is split from fatty acids (triglycerides)

17
Q

2 components of triglyceride molecule

A

glycerol & fatty acid

18
Q

How is glycerol used to make ATP

A

goes into glycolysis

19
Q

How is fatty acid portion used to make ATP

A

Beta Oxidation (in liver)

20
Q

Lipogenesis

  • what is it
  • where does it occur
A
  • synthesis lipids from glucose or amino acids

- liver & adipose tissue

21
Q

Deamination

  • what is it
  • where does it occur
  • what does this produce
A
  • The removal of the amino group from an amino acids.
  • liver
  • produces ammonia that is converted to urea and excreted by kidneys
22
Q

Most important use of amino acids in body:

A

protein synthesis

23
Q

Some amino acids can be used to make glucose by the process of:

A

gluconeogenesis

24
Q

Amino acids that can by synthesized by body are:

A
  • non-essential

- process called transamination

25
Q

Absorptive state

A
  • brain uses glucose as energy
  • glucose is major energy source
  • insulin is key hormone
  • storage of triglyceride in adipose tissue
  • glycogenesis
26
Q

Postabsorptive state

A
  • brain uses glucose as energy
  • fatty acids released from adipose
  • glucagon is key hormone
  • gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
27
Q

Insulin - pancreatic hormone

  • produced by which pancreatic cell
  • stimulus hypo or hyper glycemia
  • causes increase or decrease blood glucose
A
  • Beta cells
  • hyperglycemia
  • decreases blood glucose
  • glycogenesis - glucose converted to glycogen
28
Q

Glucagon - pancreatic hormone

  • produced by which pancreatic cell
  • stimulus hypo or hyper glycemia
  • causes increase or decrease blood glucose
A
  • Alpha cells
  • hypoglycemia
  • increase blood glucose
  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
29
Q

4 hormones that increase blood glucose:

A
  1. Glucagon - pancreas
  2. Epinephrine - adrenal medulla
  3. Cortisol - adrenal cortex
  4. Thyroxine - thyroid
30
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • little / no circulating insulin

- eary onset

31
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • has insulin
  • problem with glucose transporters
  • adult onset (usually)
32
Q

glucagon:

A

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets that increases blood glucose level

33
Q

glucose;

A

A 6-carbon sugar. It is a major energy source for ATP

34
Q

glycerol:

A

monomer of triglycerides. It helps to maintain blood glucose.

35
Q

glycogen:

A

A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers

36
Q

glycolysis: .

A

The set of chemical reactions in which one glucose molecule is oxidized producing two molecules of pyruvic acid

BTC Human A & P 2 (11 decks)

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