Module 3 Chapter 25 Flashcards
Catabolism
- produces energy
- breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules
Anabolism
- requires energy
- combines simpler / smaller molecules into larger ones
2 forms of energy released during catabolism.
- Heat: maintain body temperature
2. Chemical energy: continual formaton of ATP and cellular functions
4 main fates of glucose in body cells
- ATP production
- Amino acid synthesis
- Glycogen synthesis
- Triglyceride synthesis
Glycogenesis
- glucose is converted to glycogen
- stored in liver & skeletal muscle during periods of excess glucose
When liver is “full” of glycogen it converts excess to what?
Fatty acids (forms part of triglycerides) and stores them in adipose tissue.
Glycogenolysis
-glycogen broken down to form glucose when blood glucose levels are low
Gluconeogenesis
- occurs in liver
- glucose formed from triglycerides & amino acids (non-carbo sources).
When utilizing triglycerided in gluconeogenesis which part of triglycerides can be used?
Glycerol
Lipid transport: what transports lipids through blood?
Lipoproteins
Components of a lipoprotein?
- Phospholipid & cholesterol
- Protein
- Triglyceride
VLDL
- very low density lipoprotein
- bad cholesterol
- deposits triglycerides into smooth muscle
LDL
- low density lipoprotein
- bad cholesterol
- deposits triglycerides into smooth muscle
HDL
- high density lipoprotein
- good cholesterol
- takes triglycerides out of body to the liver
3 fates of lipids
- Storage
- Synthesize molecules
- Make ATP
Lipolysis
Where glycerol is split from fatty acids (triglycerides)
2 components of triglyceride molecule
glycerol & fatty acid
How is glycerol used to make ATP
goes into glycolysis
How is fatty acid portion used to make ATP
Beta Oxidation (in liver)
Lipogenesis
- what is it
- where does it occur
- synthesis lipids from glucose or amino acids
- liver & adipose tissue
Deamination
- what is it
- where does it occur
- what does this produce
- The removal of the amino group from an amino acids.
- liver
- produces ammonia that is converted to urea and excreted by kidneys
Most important use of amino acids in body:
protein synthesis
Some amino acids can be used to make glucose by the process of:
gluconeogenesis
Amino acids that can by synthesized by body are:
- non-essential
- process called transamination
Absorptive state
- brain uses glucose as energy
- glucose is major energy source
- insulin is key hormone
- storage of triglyceride in adipose tissue
- glycogenesis
Postabsorptive state
- brain uses glucose as energy
- fatty acids released from adipose
- glucagon is key hormone
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogenolysis
Insulin - pancreatic hormone
- produced by which pancreatic cell
- stimulus hypo or hyper glycemia
- causes increase or decrease blood glucose
- Beta cells
- hyperglycemia
- decreases blood glucose
- glycogenesis - glucose converted to glycogen
Glucagon - pancreatic hormone
- produced by which pancreatic cell
- stimulus hypo or hyper glycemia
- causes increase or decrease blood glucose
- Alpha cells
- hypoglycemia
- increase blood glucose
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
4 hormones that increase blood glucose:
- Glucagon - pancreas
- Epinephrine - adrenal medulla
- Cortisol - adrenal cortex
- Thyroxine - thyroid
Type 1 diabetes
- little / no circulating insulin
- eary onset
Type 2 diabetes
- has insulin
- problem with glucose transporters
- adult onset (usually)
glucagon:
A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets that increases blood glucose level
glucose;
A 6-carbon sugar. It is a major energy source for ATP
glycerol:
monomer of triglycerides. It helps to maintain blood glucose.
glycogen:
A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers
glycolysis: .
The set of chemical reactions in which one glucose molecule is oxidized producing two molecules of pyruvic acid
