FOR FINAL Module 4 Reproductive Flashcards
Accessory glands that produces seminal fluid
- seminal vesicle
- prostate
- bulbourethral gland
Ducts that serve as passageway for sperm
- epididymus
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
Gonads product _____________-
gametes
Function of seminiferous tubules
actually produce the sperm
function of Leydig (interstitial) cells
- cells between seminiferous tubules
- produce testosterone
Sertoli cells
- form blood-testis barrier
- secrete inhibin & androgen-binding agent
- cells within seminiferous tubules that “nurse” developing sperm cells
Spermatozoa
- mature sperm
- found in lumen of seminiferous tubules
- have 23 chromosomes
Spermatogonia
- earliest stage of sperm development
- has 46 chromosomes
- stem cells
Primary spermatocytes
- pushed toward lumen as develop
- has 46 chromosomes
Secondary spermatocytes
- has 23 chromosomes
- are formed from meiosis I
- pushed toward lumen as develop
Spermatids
- has 23 chromosomes
- formed from meiosis II
SperMIOgenesis
conversion of spermatids into spermatozoa
SperMAtogenesis
entire process of sperm formation
Male hormone
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
1 -site of production
2 -effects
1 - Hypothalamus
2 - Incease production of LH & FSH in anterior pituitary
Male hormone
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
1 -site of production
2 -effects
1 - Anterior Pituitary
2 - stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
Male hormone
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
1 - site of production
2 - effects
1 - Anterior pituitary
2 - stimulates spermatogenesis
-stimulates Sertoli cells to care for spermatogenic cells
Male hormone
Inhibin
1 - site of production
2 - effects
1 - Sertoli cells
2 - inhibit sperm production
- tells hypothalamus/anterior pituitary to stop FSH (via negative feedback)
Male hormone
testosterone
1 - site of production
2 - effects
1 - Leydig (interstitial) cells
2
-On hypothalamus/ant. pituitary: suppress LH secretion
-On sertoli cells: stimulate final steps of spermatogenesis
-On other tissues/organs: stimulation os anabolism, secondary male sex characteristics, development of sexual function
Urethra
- has urinary & reproductive function
- extends through penis
- unpaired
Ductus deferens
- contained within the spermatic cord
- vasectomy site
- paired
Ejaculatory duct
- formed from union of ductus deferens & duct from seminal vesicle
- passes through prostate
- paired
Epididymus
- highly coild tube located in scrotum
- site of final sperm maturation
- paired
Prostate gland
- enlarges with age
- secretes fluid containing nutrients for sperm
Seminal vesicle
- secretes most of semen volume
- empty into the ejaculatory duct
- secretes fluid containing nutrients (fructose) for sperm
- secretes alkaline fluid
- paired
Bulbourethral gland
- secretes mucus
- empty into urethra
- paired
- secretes alkaline fluid
Urethra passes through this and this forms the glans of the penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Follicle
- general name for cells surrounding oocyte
- produces estrogen
Corpus albicans
-degenerate structure
Oocyte
immature ovum
Primary & secondary follicle
developing follicles
Graafian follicle
mature follicle, contains a cavity
Primoridial follicle
most immature follicle
Corpus luteum
- transformed from a follicle after ovulation
- produces estrogen
- produces progesterone
1 - Mitosis in of oocytes occurs when?
2 - What is only present at this time?
1 - Fetal development (creates primary oocytes)
2 - Oogonia
(female)
Contains 23 chromosomes
- secondary oocyte
- ovum
- polar bodies
Polar bodies
- degenerate cells produced during meiosis
- has 23 chromosomes
Hymen
-fold of mucous membrane partially covering vaginal opening
Clitoris
-erectile tissue
uterine tubes
fallopian tubes
- have cilia
- fimbrae & peristaltic contractions promote transport of oocyte
vulva
external genetalia of female
Vestibule
space enclosed by labia
Greater vestibular glands
produces secretions for lubrication
Female hormone
Estrogen
1-site of production
2-effects
1 - Ovarian follicles
2
-on ant. pituitary/hypothalamus: inhibit release of GnRH & secretion of LH & FSH.
-on follicle cells; decrease secretion of FSH
-on uterus: stimulate repair of endometrium
-on other: lower blood cholesterol, secondary sex characteristics, protein anabolism, maintain reproductive structures
Female hormone
Progesterone
1-site of production
2-effects
1 - corpus luteum
2
- on ant. pituitary/hypothalamus: inhibit secretion of GnRH & LH
-on uterus: relaxes uterus by inhibiting contractions
4 phases of female reproductive cycle:
1 mestrual
2 preovulatory
3 ovulatory
4 postovulatory
Menstrual phase
1- in ovaries
2 - in uterus
- FSH - develop several primordial follicles into primary follicles then to secondary follicle
- Menstrual flow - 50-150mL of blood and other stuff
PreOvulatory phase
1- in ovaries
2 - in uterus
1 - secondary follicle starts secreting estrogens & inhibin - decreasing FSH
2 - repair endometrium (proliferative phase)
Ovulatory phase
- rupture of follicle - releases secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity
- stimulated by surge of LH
Postovulatory phase (luteal) 1- in ovaries 2 - in uterus
1 - corpus luteum - releasing hormones (progesterone, relaxin, inhibin, estrogen)
2 - growth of endometrium (secretory phase)
Corpus luteum (what happens to it) 1- if fertilization does NOT occur 2- if fertilization does occur
1-lives 2 weeks producing hormones then degenerates into corpus albicans causing a drop in hormones and menstruation to occur.
2 - lives past 2 weeks (by several months), is rescued by HcG that stimulates it to continue making hormones.
Progesterone
- enhances blood supply and secretions in uterus
- drop in levels cause menstruation
- produced by corpus luteum
- block production of LH & FSH
- dominant during pregnancy
GnRH (female)
- secreted in response to increase in estrogen
- stimulates LH & FSH secretion
Estrogen
- produced by follicle
- block production of FSH & LH
- produced by corpus luteum
- drop in level causes menstruation
- dominant during pregnancy
