Module 2 Respiratory System Flashcards
Where is CO2 produced
- As a by product when ATP is produced.
- Excessive CO2 produces acidity that is toxic to cells.
6 Respiratory structures in order.
1-nose & oral cavity 2-pharynx 3-larynx 4-trachea 5-bronchi & bronchioles 6-alveolar ducts and alveoli
Conducting Zone
- Conducts air to lungs
- From external nares to bronchioles
- filters, warms & moistens air
Respiratory Zone
- Tissues within the lungs (ie alveoli)
- Where the gas exchange occurs
Nasal cavity
- function as resonance chambers for sound
- has olfactory receptors
- nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
- warms, filters, moistens incoming air
- produces mucous
Nasal Conchae
-bony extension that increase surface area of nasal cavity
3 divisions of the Pharynx
pharynx: connect nasal cavity to larynx, oral cavity to esophagus, holds tonsils.
1 - Nasopharynx: nasal cavity to soft palate
2 - Oropharynx: soft palate to hyoid bone
3 - laryngopharynx: hyoid bone into esophagus & larynx (food & respiratory)
Larynx
- connect pharynx to trachea
- glottis is the opening
- epiglottis or vocal cords can close glottis
- made of thyroid cartilage
- voice box
- consists of vocal cords & many pieces of cartilage
Glottis
-part of the larynx that is closed off during swallowing
Epiglottis
-forms a lid over the glottis
Cilia
-moves unwanted substances up & out of respiratory tract
Nasal cavity: 1-function? 2-epithelial type? 3-cartilage? 4-Smooth muscle?
1-Air passage
2-psuedostratified ciliated columnar
3-no cartilage - bones
4-no smooth muscle
Pharynx (throat): 1-function? 2-epithelial type? 3-cartilage? 4-Smooth muscle?
1-Air passage
2-psuedostratified ciliated columnar
3-no
4-no smooth muscle
Trachea: 1-function? 2-epithelial type? 3-cartilage? 4-Smooth muscle?
1-Air passage
2-psuedostratified ciliated columnar
3-Yes - C ring shape
4-Yes
Bronchii: 1-function? 2-epithelial type? 3-cartilage? 4-Smooth muscle?
1-Air passage
2-psuedostratified ciliated columnar
3-Yes - C ring shape
4-Yes
Bronchioles: 1-function? 2-epithelial type? 3-cartilage? 4-Smooth muscle?
1-Air passage
2-simple cuboidal & other
3-No cartilage
4-Yes smooth muscle
Alveoli: 1-function? 2-epithelial type? 3-cartilage? 4-Smooth muscle?
1-Gas exchange
2-Simple squamous
3-No cartilage
4-Yes smooth muscle
Order respiratory tract from external to larynx. 7 ish
1-external nares 2-nasal cavity 3-internal nares 4-nasopharynx 5-oropharynx 6-epiglottis 7-larynx
Order respiratory tract from larynx to alveoli.
1-larynx 2-trachea 3-primary bronchii 4-secondary bronchii 5-tertiary bronchii 6-bronchioles 7-alveoli
Broad inferior end of lungs is the _____.
BASE
Each lobe is divided into 10 of these supplied by a teritary bronchi
Bronchopulmonary segment
Respiratory membrane has how many layers
4 1-type 1 & 2 alveolar cells 2 - epithelial basement membrane 3- capillary basement membrane 4-capillary endothelium
Type I alveolar cells
- simple squamous
- more numberous
- continual lining of alveoli
Type II alveolar cells
- Septal cells
- secrete surfactant
- contain microvilli
Alveolar macrophages do what
remove fine dust and debris from alveoli
Visceral pleura
attached to outer surface of lungs (surface of lungs)
Pleural cavity
contains pleural fluid
Pleural fluid
-decreases friction between parietal and visceral membranes
Parietal pleura
(Lines cavity) Lines the thoracic wall & diaphram
Surfactant
Phospholipid
lowers surface tension in alveolar fluid - reduces tendency of collapse
Intrapleural pressure
pressure between two pleural layers in the pleural cavity
Alveolar (Intrapulmonic) pressure
pressure inside the lungs
Atmospheric pressure
pressure in the atmosphere around you
When alveoli increase in size pressure____
pulls air _____ of lungs
- decreases
- into
When alveoli decrease in size pressure ____ pushes air ___ of lungs
- increases
- out
Inhalation pressures
1- Intra-alveolar pressure is ______ than atmospheric pressure
2 - Intra-alveolar pressure _______.
1 - Less than atmospheric pressure
2 - decreases
Exhalation pressure
1- Intra-alveolar pressure is ______ than atmospheric pressure
2 - Intra-alveolar pressure _______.
1 - greater than atmospheric pressure
2 - increases
Forced exhalation uses which muscles
Abdominals and Internal intercostals
Cell transport mechanism used for gas exchange
passive diffusion
External respiration occurs where
Alveoli & pumonary capillaries
Internal respiration occurs where
Systemic capillaries & tissue cells
Is venous blood completely O2 depleted
NO - still carries about 75% O2
Do we exhale O2
Yes in small amounts
What is hemoglobin bound to oxygen called
Oxyhemoglobin
What factors can lower hemoglobins affinity for oxygen (the ability to hold onto O2)
- Acidity increase
2: Pco2 increase
3: Temperature increase
How is carbon dioxide mainly dissolved
in the form of bicarbonate ions (70%)
What is hemoglobin bound to carbon called
carbaminohemoglobin
-carbon binds to the heme group
What are the respiratory control centers
Medulla oblongata and pons
Adding CO2 into body fluid _____ acidity, thus ______ pH
- increases
- decreases
Venous blood has a ______pH than arterial blood
lower
