Module 3 Chapter 24 Flashcards
Which accessory organ produces the greatest variety of digestive enzymes?
Pancreas
What 3 locations does chemical digestion take place?
Oral Cavity, Stomach, and Small Intestine
Where is food storage between meals?
Stomach
What location does mechanical digestion, chewing, and moistening occur?
Oral Cavity
In what area of digestion is the food moistened and mixed?
Stomach
Where does the most absorption occur during digestion?
Small Intestines
In what area does the most chemical digestion occur?
Small Intestines
What structure of the digestive system passes through the thoracic cavity?
Esophagus
What structure processes and eliminates undigested wastes?
Large Intestine
Which Organ is responsible for PRODUCING Bile?
Liver
At what point in the digestive tract receives secretions from the pancreas and Liver?
Small Intestines
What structure is responsible for STORING Bile?
Gall Bladder
What 3 structures are responsible for the swallowing of food?
Esophagus, Pharynx, and Oral Cavity
What is Deglutination?
Swallowing
What is the name of the portion of stomach that food goes first?
Cardia
What is the name of the portion of stomach that food goes second?
Fundus
What is the name of the portion of stomach that food goes thrid?
Body
What is the name of the portion of stomach that food goes fourth?
Pylorus
Trace a bite of food from the oral cavity to large intestine. 6 steps
- oral cavity
- pharnyx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
Name the 3 accessory organs for digestion.
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Name 2 factors that help move substances along the digestive tract.
Mucus
Paristalsis
Name the 4 layers of the digestive tract from Lumen to outermost layer.
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
Mucosa layer
- where is it
- what type of epithelial
- function
- innermost layer of digestive tract
- simple columnar
- makes mucus, secretes & absorbs enzymes & nutrients.
- contains lamina propria & MALT
- contains both endocrine & exocrine cells
Submucosa layer
- where is it
- what type of epithelial
- function
- External to mucosa
- thick fibrous connective tissue
- contains a nerve plexus & blood & lymph vessels
Muscularis layer
- where is it
- what type of epithelial
- function
- External to Submucosa layer
- 2 smooth muscle layers & a nerve plexus
- performs peristalsis (mixing & movement of food)
Serosa layer
- where is it
- what type of epithelial
- outermost layer
- simple squamous, serous membrane, visceral peritoneum
What is the ampulla of vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla)
-What does it do
- the opening into the duodenum from the accessory organs
- opens & closes (it is a sphincter) sphincter of Oddi
Name the 3 sections of small intestine in order:
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- ileum
Visceral Peritoneum
Serosa
Cavity between visceral & parietal layers
Peritoneal cavity
Connects between lesser curvature of stomach & liver
Lesser omentum
Connects the liver to the diaphragm & anterior abdominal wall
Falciform Ligament
Contains peritoneal fluid
Peritoneal cavity
Covers abdominal organs
visceral peritoneum
Extends from posterior abdominal wall to small intestine
mesentery
Extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon forming an “apron”
Greater Omentum
Extends from the posterior abdominal wall to the transverse colon
Mesocolon
Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
What does retroperitoneal mean?
-Name 4 organs that are retroperitoneal
Behind
- Pancreas
- Kidneys
- Duodenum
- ascending & descending colon of large intestine
What are 3 divisions of the pharynx?
-which are for food & water
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx - Food
- Laryngopharynx- Food
Rugae (of the stomach)
large fold in the stomach mucosa (when stomach is empty).
Gastric glands:
columns of secretory cells; some (not all) empty into gastric pits
Oblique muscular layer of the stomach:
part of muscularis layer - is limited primarily to the body of the stomach
Hydrochloric acid:
kills bacteria & denatures (unfolds) protein
Pepsin:
- made in the stomach
- protein digestion
Mucous:
is an alkaline protective layer
Gastrin:
stimulates HCl secretion, pepsinogen secretion, increases stomach movement & relaxes pyloric sphinctor
cephalic phase:
prepares mouth & stomach for food. Begins when you taste or smell (or think about) food
Gastric phase
- beginning of digestion
Intestinal phase
- digestion once food enters small intestine.
Connection of HCl and pepsin?
HCl partially denatures (unfolds) proteins and pepsin then severs certain peptide bonds between the amino acids of the proteins.
Enzymes produced by the pancreas? (3)
- Pancreatic amylase
- Pancreatic lipase
- Pancreatic trypsin
6 Liver functions
- secrete bile
- detoxification
- metabolic process of nutrients
- vitamin & mineral storage
- phagocytosis - of aged RBC’s & WBC’s
- synthesis of proteins
What is the function of bile?
Emulsification and absorption of lipids.
What ducts connect the liver, gall bladder & pancrease to the small intestine?
Hepatic ducts - common hepatic - common bile duct - hapatophancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)
Gall bladder
- function
- where is it
- store & concentrate bile
- under influence of CCK - ejects bile into cystic duct
- small greenish sac loacated inferior to liver
Pancreas
- function
- where is it
- has both exocrine & endocrine functions
- secretes hormones that effect blood glucose
- secretes variety of digestive enzymes
- retroperitoneal & located posterior to the stomach
Liver
- function
- where is it
- produces bile
- site of carb, fat & protein metabolism
- largest abdominal organ, located on right side inferior to diaphram.
3 structures that increase surface area of small intestine
- Circular folds
- Villi
- Microvilli
Digestive enzymes produced by small intestine for carbohydrates: 3 total
- Maltase
- Lactase
- Sucrase
Digestive enzymes produced by small intestine for protiens.
Peptidases (a group)
Taenia coli:
bands of muscle in large intestine
Haustra
Pouches of large intestine wall
Function of large intestine
- final stage of digestion
- Make chyme semi-solid
2 vitamins intestinal bacteria provide?
B and K
Defecation reflex
When rectal wall is distended the receptors send sensory info to spinal cord.
Parasympathetic - controls internal anal sphincters
Villi
Finger-like projections of mucosa of small intestine
Microvilli
Microscopic folds of cell membranes of small intstine mucosa cells
Lacteals
lymph vessels in small intestines
Circular folds
folds of small intestine mucosa
Lower esophageal sphincter
muscle between esophagus & stomach
Ileocecal valve
one-way valve between small & large intestine
Pyloric sphincter
muscle between stomach and duodenum
Esophageal hiatus
opening in diaphragm
Control center location of digestive reflexes.
- Medulla
- Myenteric/ submucosal plexuses
What serves as the motor pathway?
- Parasympathetic
- myenteric & submucosal plexuses
Exocrine secretions of digestion:
- tissues that produce
- organs that produce
- function
- where are they released
- Glands & epithelium
- Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, pancrease, liver
- chemical & mechanical digestion
- into lumen of digestive tract
Endocrine secretions of digestion:
- tissues that produce
- organs that produce
- function
- where are they released
- glands & epithelium
- Stomach, small intestines, pancrease
- Control digestive functions
- Into blood
Gastrin:
- stimulated by
- site of secretion
- effects on 1 organ
- arrival of food
- stomach
- stomach will increase movement & secretions
CCK
- stimulated by
- site of secretion
- effect on 4 organs
- arrival of chyme in small intestine
- small intestine
- stomach: decrease movement & secretions
- small intestine: open sphincter of oddi
- pancreas: release pancreatic juice
- gall bladder: contract & release bile
Secretin
- stimulated by
- site of secretion
- effect on 2 organs
- arrival of chyme in small intestine
- small intestine
- stomach: decrease movement & secretions
- pancreas: release bicarbonate
- liver: make bile
Carbohydrate metabolism (pg. 96) Polysaccharides 1
Oral cavity - salivary amylase - breaks down polysaccharides into Di / Tri Saccharides in mouth.
Carbohydrate metabolism (pg. 96) Polysaccharides 2
Pancreas - pancreatic amylase - breaks down polysaccharides into Di / Tri Saccharides in small intestine.
Carbohydrate metabolism (pg. 96) Disaccharides
Small intestine - maltase, lactase, sucrase, break down disacchardies into monosaccharides in the small intestine.
Protein metabolism (pg. 96) protein
Stomach - pepsin - breaks down protein into peptides in the stomach
Protein metabolism (pg. 96) Protein / peptides
Pancreas - trypsin - breaks down protein/peptides into shorter peptides in the small intestine
Protein metabolism (pg. 96) peptides
Small intestine - peptidases - breaks down peptides into amino acids in the small intestine
Lipid metabolism (pg. 96)
Pancreas - lipase - breaks down triglycerides into glycerol & fatty acids in the small intestine.
