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BTC Human A & P 2 > Module 2 lymphatic system > Flashcards

Module 2 lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

3 Functions of lymphatic system

A

1 - part of immune system (fights pathogens)
2 - Returns excess fluids to the blood
3 - Absorbs lipids in the digestive tract

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2
Q

Lymph

A
  • fluid in the lymphatic vessels

- interstitial fluid collected through lymph capillaries

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3
Q

Lymph vessels

A
  • these begin as lymph capillaries

- resemble veins

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4
Q

Lymph capillaries

A
  • act as filters to trap foreign substances

- in the small intestine the are called lacteals

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5
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • act as filters to trap foreign substances
  • encapsulated masses of B and T cells
  • many in head, neck & abdomen
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6
Q

Lymph nodules

A
  • non capsulated masses of lymph tissue
  • contain B and T cells
  • found in mucous membranes
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7
Q

Lymphocytes

A

2 types:

  • B cells
  • T cells
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8
Q

B cells

  • Origination & maturation
  • Immune response responsible for
  • What does it do
A
  • Created in Red bone marrow
  • Stays in Red bone marrow & matures there
  • Antibody-mediated response
  • secretes antibodies
  • when activated - becomes plasma cells
  • attacks antigens found outside body cells
  • produces memory cells
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9
Q

T cells

  • Origination & maturation
  • Immune response responsible for
  • 2 types
  • What does it do
A
  • Created in Red bone marrow
  • Matures in thymus
  • Cell-mediated response
  • Helper T (CD4) & Cytotoxic T (CD8)
  • Attack invaders directly
  • attack antigen found INSIDE body cells
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10
Q

Thymus gets ______ with age.

A

SMALLER

Most important in infancy when no immunity has developed - shrinks considerably by teens.

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11
Q

Specific Immune response

A
  • Antigen-antibody response
  • destruction of a foreign object by a cytotoxic T lymphocyte
  • adaptive response
  • activated by non-specific response
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12
Q

Non-specific immune response

A
  • Innate defenses; present at birth
  • physical barriers: skin etc
  • Inflammation
  • Phagocytosis
  • Interferon - produced by lymphocytes infected with a virus
  • Fever
  • Chemicals; lysozyme, sweat, sebum
  • NK cells; releases perforin to destroy cell
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13
Q

Inflammation

A
  • Vasodilation & increased permeability of capillaries allows more blood flow, antibodies & clotting factors to injured area.
  • Emigration of phagocytes: w/in 1 hour phagocytes arrive - neutrophils begin to stick to endothelium of blood vessel - squeeze thru wall to damaged area
  • tissue repari = hemostasis
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14
Q

Specific Immunity Types

Intracellular/extracellular

A
  • Cell-mediated: Tcells

- Antibody-mediated: B cells

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15
Q

Antigen

A
  • a foreign substance

- provokes an immune response

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16
Q

Antibodies

A
  • a protein produced by plasma cells in response to specific antigens (immunoglobins).
  • combines with antigens to destroy it.
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17
Q

MHC Antigens

A
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex
  • self-antigens (marks it as yours)
  • used in tissue typing
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18
Q

Cell-mediated response

general response

A
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Intracellular (inside cells)
  • Main lymphocyte = Cytotoxic T cells
  • directly attacks invading antigens
  • faster response
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19
Q

Antibody-mediated response

general response

A
  • humoral immunity
  • Extracellular
  • B cells transform into plasma cells which then secrete anti-bodies
  • Antibodies bind to specific antigens & destroy them
20
Q

3 major types of Lymphocytes

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells (natural killer)
21
Q 
Cell mediated immune response
STEPS
1 - recognition
2 - activation & proliferation
3 - Attack
A

1- Naive T cell meets threat (detection)
2- Co-stimulation - Activation of Helper T
- Differentiation - Active & Memory T’s
-Secretion of Cytotoxic T’s
3- Active effector T cells attack target cells

22
Q 
Antibody mediated immune response
STEPS
1 - recognition
2 - activation & proliferation
3 - Attack
A

1-Hangs out in lymphatic tissues until activated
2- Antigen bind to Bcell receptors
-Helper T co-stimulates B cells which then differentia into Plasma cells & Memory cells
3- Plasma cells secrete antibodies
-go to invasion
-antibodies bind to antigen & destroy it.

23
Q

Memory cell

A
  • remember the antigen
  • formed by activation of B-cell
  • involved in Antibody mediated immunity
  • involved in cell mediated immunity
24
Q

Helper T-cell

A
  • CD4 cells
  • stimulates proliferation of both B & cytotoxic T cells
  • mediator of Secondary immune response
25
Q

Cytotoxic T-cell

A
  • in cell-mediated immunity
  • CD8 cells
  • Killer T-cells
  • destroys antigens by disrupting plasma membrane (perforin)
  • releases cytokines to attrack macrophages to attack.
26
Q

Plasma Cell

A
  • formed from activation of B cells
  • Secretes antibodies
  • involved in Antibody mediated immunity
27
Q

Macrophage

A
  • involved in Antibody mediated immunity
  • involved in cell mediated immunity
  • phagocyte which engulfs & displays antigens on its surface
28
Q

NK cells

A
  • cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system
  • can recognize foreign cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC
  • faster immune reaction.
  • do not require activation in order to kill cells that are missing “self” markers of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1
29
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A

Viruses

-uses our cells to create itself

30
Q

Extracellular pathogens

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Parasitic Worms
31
Q

2 parts of Immune system

A

1 - Innate

2 - Adaptive

32
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • born with it
  • non-specific
  • 1st & 2nd line of defense
33
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • created throughout life
  • Specific
  • 3rd line of defense
34
Q

1st line of Defense

A
  • Innate
  • Physical Barrier (skin)
  • Chemical Barriers (salt, sweat, sebum)
35
Q

2 line of defense

A
  • Innate

- Cells (WBC’s) & Chemical protection

36
Q

3rd line of defense

A
  • adaptive
  • lymphocytes: B & T cells
  • Humoral: Antibody-mediated response
  • Cellular: Cell-mediated response
37
Q

IgA immunoglobulins

A
  • found in tears, saliva, mucous

- provide protection in mucous membranes

38
Q

IgE

A
  • inflammation

- smallest group

39
Q

IgG

A
  • crosses placenta
  • largest group
  • resistant to many viruses & bacteria
  • anti-Rh antibodies
40
Q

IgM

A

-antibodies associated with ABO blood groups

41
Q

IgD

A

-attach to B cells - plays a role in activation of B cell to plasma cell

42
Q

Active immunity

A
  • engages bodies immune response

- creates memory cells

43
Q

Passive immunity

A

-no activation of bodies immune response

44
Q

Natural Active

A

Get sick & recover

45
Q

Artificial Active

A

Vaccinations

46
Q

Natural Passive

A
  • mom to fetus thru placenta
  • mom to baby thru breastmilk
  • temporary
47
Q

Artificial Passive

A
  • gamma globulin (injected)
  • example is treatment of rabies
  • temporary

BTC Human A & P 2 (11 decks)

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