FOR FINAL Module 4 Ch. 26-27 Flashcards
Organ- Kidneys
Location-
Function-
Location-
- above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen.
- retroperitoneal.
Function-
- Regulate blood volume and composition,
- help regulate blood pressure
- synthesize glucose
- release erythropoietin
- participate in vitamin D synthesis
- excrete wastes by forming urine.
Organ- Ureters
Location-
Function-
Location-
- Retroperitoneal.
- Between the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder.
Function-
-Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Organ- Urinary bladder
Location-
Function-
Location-
-in the pelvic cavity
-posterior to the pubic symphysis.
(In males it is directly anterior to the rectum; in females, it is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus.)
Function- Stores urine
Organ- Urethra
Location-
Function-
Location-
- Females: posterior end of the pubic symphysis - front wall of vagina.
- Males below the bladder- pelvic floor cavity.
Function- Discharges urine from the body.
Renal fascia
- anchors kidney to abdominal wall
- deep layer of tissue around kidney
Renal Papilla
-apices of the renal pyramids
Minor & Major Calyces
-big and small cup-like structures
Renal Pelvis
-cavity that drains into the ureter
Renal Medulla
-deep region in the kidney
Renal hilum
-fissure where the ureter, blood vessels, nerve and lymphatic vessels emerge
Nephron
-functional unit of kidney
Renal Columns
-portions of renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids
Renal capsule
- protects kidney from trauma
- smooth sheet of dense irregular connective tissue
Adipose capsule
-protects kidney from trauma
Renal cortex
-superficial smooth-textured region in the kidney
Renal pyramids
-structures found in the medulla
Two structures that comprise the RENAL CORPUSCLE
1 - Glomerulus
2 - Glomeruler (Bowmans) capsule
What is the difference between “tubular fluid / filtrate” and “urine”?
Tubular- fluid passes through
Filtrate- fluid in nephron / not urine yet
Name the 3 steps of urine formation:
a. Glomerular filtration
b. Tubular Reabsorption
c. Tubular Secretion
Glomerular filtration
1 - where does it occur?
2 - What parts of blood DO NOT pass through membrane?
3 - What is the main driving force
1 - Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule
2 - Large proteins (platelets, plasma proteins, Blood cells)
3 - Blood hydrostatic pressure
What is tubular reabsorption?
-Put solutes back into the blood
usually things that the body needs
Waste product that is partially reabsorbed
Water
Nutrient that is completely reabsorbed
Glucose
2 substances whose ECF concentrations are regulated by hormones to allow variable rates of reabsorption
Na+ and water
Waste product that is not reabsorbed at all
Creatinine
Define tubular secretion
- Add to urine
examples: H+ and medications
What substances are eliminated by tubular secretion?
H+, medications, K+, ammonia, creatinine
Abnormal components of urine
- glucose
- bilirubin
- RBCs
- WBCs
- ketone bodies
- bacteria
Normal components of urine
- water
- sodium, other ions
- albumin
- urea
- creatinine
- uric acid
Proximal convoluted tubule
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption
- largest volume reabsorbed here.
- (water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea)
tubular secretion of H+
Distal convoluted tubule
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption
-Ca+ variable rate depending on PTH
tubular secretion:
-H+ variable (regulation of acid-base balance)
Collecting duct
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption:
- Na+ variable depending on aldosterone
- water variable depending on ADH
tubular secretion:
-K+ variable depending on aldosterone
3 sources of water gain
- ingested liquids
- ingested foods
- metabolic water
4 sources of water loss
1 - gastrointestinal tract
2 - skin
3 - lungs
4 - kidneys
Main factory that determines body fluid volume?
Urinary salt loss
Main factor that determines body fluid osmolarity
Urinary water loss
Hypotonic
- ECF is ____
- water will move _____ of cells
- causing them to _______.
- Dilute
- into cells
- Osmolysis
Hypertonic
- ECF is ____
- water will move _____ of cells
- causing them to _______.
- Concentrated
- out of cells
- plasmolysis
Low ECF volume & low blood pressure stimulate the ___________ to produce ________.
-KIDNEYS to produce RENIN
Renin is the catalyst for _________ & _________
Angiotensinogen & Angiotensin I
Pumonary blood vessels add____________ to Angiotensin I converting it to ___________ (the active form)
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II stimulates ____________ to produce ______________.
Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone.
Aldosterone cause ____________by kidneys which leads to ___________ by kidneys
- increase tubular reabsorption of Na+
- water to follow Na+ (salt)
R-A-A system is stimulated by what?
- low blood pressure
- low ECF volume
1 What hormone causes increased calcium reabsorption?
2 What is the stimulus?
1 - PTH - parathyroid
2 - hypocalcemia
pH of blood is?
7.35 - 7.45
What are the three major mechanisms for removing H+ from the ECF?
a. Buffer system
b. exhaling CO reduces levels of carbonic acid in blood and increases pH of blood
c. Kidney excretion of H+
What is a buffer?
A buffer is a solution that can effectively resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.
HCO3-
- Bicarbonate
- Product of CO2 in the plasma
- Second most abundant anion in ECF
HPO42-
- Phosphate
- Required for ATP production
- is a Buffer
- stored in bone & teeth
ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)
1- produced by what
2- function
3- stimulus
1 - Hypothalamus & posterior pituitary
2 - increase reabsorption of water in kidneys
3 - stimulated by dehydration, low blood pressure, increased blood osmolarity (salty)
Aldosterone
1- produced by what
2- function
3- stimulus
1- Adrenal cortex
2 - increase reabsorption of Na+ in kidneys
- increase K+ excretion
3 - stimulated by dehydration, low blood pressure, low blood sodium
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
1- produced by what
2- function
3- stimulus
1 - Atria of Heart
2 - Increase excretion of Na+ (put more Na+ into urine, water will follow)
3 - stimulated by high blood pressure, too much Na+ (too salty)
1 - Main hormone influencing ECF volume _______.
2 - it acts on ______ reabsorption in the _________ & __________.
1 - Aldosterone
2 - Na+, distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct
Kidneys regulate ECF concentration by producing _______________ urine when the ECF is too concentrated.
concentrated
ADH - antidiuretic hormone
- stimulus for release
- major action
- site of release
- increase in osmolarity (salty) of body fluids
- posterior pituitary
- increase water reabsorption
In presence of ADH water is reabsorbed by the ___________ & __________.
renal tubules and collecting duct
Protein buffer system
- weak base
- weak acid
- where is it found
- the free amino group (releases H+)
- the free carboxyl group (combines with H+)
- intracellular fluid, blood plasma
Respiratory system regulation:
increased blood acidity = ____pH = ____breathing.
decreased pH (due to increased H+), harder breathing to expel more CO2.
Metabolic Acidosis can be caused by:
- excessive loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea…)
- ketosis in uncontrolled diabetes
Metabolic Alkalosis can be caused by:
- prolonged vomiting, stomach contents are high in HCl.
- excessive intake of antacids
Respiratory Acidosis can be caused by:
-decreased respiratory rate
Respiratory Alkalosis can be caused by:
-decreased blood level of CO2 due to hyperventilation
