Module 23: Studying and Encoding Memory Flashcards
memory
persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
recall
retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.
recognition
identifying items previously learned
relearning
learning something more quickly when you encounter it a second or later time
three processing stages in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model
- we record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
- we process information into short-term memory, where we encode it through rehearsal
- information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval
explicit memories
(declarative memories) of conscious facts and experiences encoded through conscious, effortful processing
implicit memories
(nondeclarative memories) that form through automatic processes and bypass the conscious encoding track
automatic processing/implicit memories
▪ Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
▪ Information is automatically processed about space, time, and frequency
effortful process/explicit memories
with experience and practice, explicit memories become automatic.
sensory memory
▪ First stage in forming explicit memories
▪ Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
iconic memory
picture-image memory
echoic memory
sound memory
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
working memory
capacity varies by age and other factors
chunking
organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
mnemonics
memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
hierarchies
organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
spacing effect
encoding is more effective when it is spread over time.
massed practice: produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence
distributed practice: produces better long-term recall
testing effect
(retrieval practice effect/test enhanced effect) testing improves learning/memory. testing protects our memory from the harmful effects of stress
Why is making material personally meaningful significant?
If new information is neither meaningful nor related to our experience, we have trouble processing it.
Most people excel at remembering personally relevant information.
