Module 14: Infancy and Childhood Flashcards
infantile amnesia
people below the age of 4, cannot consciously recall memory.
schemas
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilation
associating other things with preexisting schemas
accomodation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
sensorimotor stage (birth - 2yrs)
experiencing the world through senses and
actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping), object permanence, stranger anxiety
preoperational stage (2 - 7yrs)
representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical
reasoning, egocentrism, and pretend play.
egocentrism
the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.
conservation
the principle believed to be a part of the concrete operation is that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
concrete operational (7 - 11 yrs)
thinking logically about concrete events;
grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations, conservation, mathematical transformations
formal operational (12 to adulthood)
reasoning abstractly, abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning
attachment
emotional tie with another person—shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
how does early attachment influence later relationships?
influences later adult relationships and comfort with affection and intimacy
(secure vs. insecure attachment)
strange situation
some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached.
what do the infants’ differing attachment styles reflect?
their individual temperament and the responsiveness of their parents and child-care providers.
critical period
optimal period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
imprinting
process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
deprivation of attachment
children who are severely neglected by their parents or are otherwise prevented from forming attachments at an early age may be at risk for attachment problems.
self-concept
an understanding and evaluation of who we are (emerges gradually)
authoritarian parenting
parents are coercive. they impose rules and expect obedience.
permissive parenting
parents are unrestraining. they make few
demands, set few limits, and use little punishment.
negligent parenting
parents are uninvolved; they are neither demanding nor responsive. These careless and inattentive parents do not seek a close relationship with their children.
authoritative parenting
parents are confrontive. They are demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules but, especially with older children, encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.
