Module 14: Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

infantile amnesia

Answer 1

people below the age of 4, cannot consciously recall memory.

Question 2

schemas

Answer 2

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 3

assimilation

Answer 3

associating other things with preexisting schemas

Question 4

accomodation

Answer 4

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 5

object permanence

Answer 5

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Question 6

sensorimotor stage (birth - 2yrs)

Answer 6

experiencing the world through senses and
actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping), object permanence, stranger anxiety

Question 7

preoperational stage (2 - 7yrs)

Answer 7

representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical
reasoning, egocentrism, and pretend play.

Question 8

egocentrism

Answer 8

the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Question 9

conservation

Answer 9

the principle believed to be a part of the concrete operation is that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Question 10

concrete operational (7 - 11 yrs)

Answer 10

thinking logically about concrete events;
grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations, conservation, mathematical transformations

Question 11

formal operational (12 to adulthood)

Answer 11

reasoning abstractly, abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

Question 12

attachment

Answer 12

emotional tie with another person—shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Question 13

how does early attachment influence later relationships?

Answer 13

influences later adult relationships and comfort with affection and intimacy
(secure vs. insecure attachment)

Question 14

strange situation

Answer 14

some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached.

Question 15

what do the infants’ differing attachment styles reflect?

Answer 15

their individual temperament and the responsiveness of their parents and child-care providers.

Question 16

critical period

Answer 16

optimal period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Question 17

imprinting

Answer 17

process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

Question 18

deprivation of attachment

Answer 18

children who are severely neglected by their parents or are otherwise prevented from forming attachments at an early age may be at risk for attachment problems.

Question 19

self-concept

Answer 19

an understanding and evaluation of who we are (emerges gradually)

Question 20

authoritarian parenting

Answer 20

parents are coercive. they impose rules and expect obedience.

Question 21

permissive parenting

Answer 21

parents are unrestraining. they make few
demands, set few limits, and use little punishment.

Question 22

negligent parenting

Answer 22

parents are uninvolved; they are neither demanding nor responsive. These careless and inattentive parents do not seek a close relationship with their children.

Question 23

authoritative parenting

Answer 23

parents are confrontive. They are demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules but, especially with older children, encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.