Module 2.1 The Self from Philosophical Perspectives Flashcards
employs the inquisitive mind to discover the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of everything.
Philosophy
It goes beyond scientific investigation by exploring all areas of knowledge such as religion, psychology, politics, physics and even medicine.
Philosophy
Philia means?
Love
Sophia means?
Wisdom
“An unexamined life is not worth living.
Socrates
Know Yourself
Tells each man to bring his inner self to light
Socrates
one has to self-examine and discuss about the self as this is a duty to achieve what is the greatest good to a life.
Socratic Method
It is the goal of Socrative perspective to better the quality of human life through consistent self-examination.
Socratic method
SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)
PERSPECTIVE ON THE SELF:
self is synonymous to the soul
SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)
Believed on two (2) dichotomous realms:
physical and ideal realms
is changeable, transient, and imperfect. The body belongs to the ___ realm.
Physical
The ___ realm is unchanging, eternal, and immortal. The intellectual essences of the universe, concepts such as truth, goodness and beauty belong to the ____ realm, so as the soul.
Ideal
The ___ strives for wisdom and perfection, and reason through question and answer is the soul’s tool to achieve this exalted state.
soul
For him, an individual can only be happy and have a meaningful life if s/he becomes virtuous and knows his/her value by means of soul-searching.
SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)
One must begin at the source of all knowledge and significance
– the self
The key to virtuous life:
constant self-examination/introspection.
“The self is an immortal soul.”
PLATO
The ideal self, the perfect self
Plato
Man was all-knowing before he came to be born into this world.
Plato
Plato conceives of the soul as having
(at least) three parts:
1.a rational part
2.a spirited part
3.an appetitive part
(the part that loves truth, which should rule over the other parts of the soul through the use of reason),
Rational part
which loves honor and victory
Spirited part
which desires food, drink, and sex
Appetitive part
can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their Reason is in control of their Spirits and Appetites.
Genuine Happiness
PLATO
is the force that paves way for all beings to ascent to higher stages of self-realization and perfection.
Love
PLATO
Love begins in the experience that there is something ____. Then it drives that person to seek what is ___.
lacking
PLATO
is the way of knowing and realizing the truth. It is a process of seeking higher stages of being.
Love
PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)
THREE-PART SOUL IDEA:
Reason, Physical Appetite, and Spirit/Passion
PLATO
think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
Reason
PLATO
basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire
Physical appetite
PLATO
basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy.
Spirit/Passion
PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)
THEORY OF FORMS
World of Forms (Non-Physical Ideas): permanent and real
World of Sense (Reality): temporary and only a replica of the ideal world.
He claims that the sensible world is dependent on the ideal world where the concept of the soul belongs. Since the soul is regarded as something permanent, man should give more importance to it than the physical body which resides in the world of sense.
PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)
PLATO
is the force that paves way for all beings to ascent to higher stages of self-realization and perfection.
Love
PLATO
Lifelong longing and pursuit seek even higher stages of love which lead to the possession of _____. It is this pursuit that motivates man and
transforms people and societies.
absolute beauty
“the soul is the essence of the self.”
Aristotle
“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.”
Aristotle
Suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in self-actualization, is to lead a good, flourishing and fulfilling life.
Aristotle
ARISTOTLE
The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing ___
virtuous actions.
ARISTOTLE
Believes that the ____ is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.
Soul
→ For him, anything with life has a soul.
→ Humans differ because of their rational capacity.
ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF (384-322BC)
ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF (384-322BC)
THREE KINDS OF SOUL:
o VEGETATIVE SOUL:
o SENTIENT SOUL:
o RATIONAL SOUL:
ARISTOTLE
- What soul?
physical body that can grow
VEGETATIVE SOUL
ARISTOTLE
- What soul?
sensual desires, feelings, and emotions
SENTIENT SOUL
ARISTOTLE
He suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in self-actualization, is to lead a ____.
good, flourishing and fulfilling life
ARISTOTLE
The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing ____ actions.
virtuous
ARISTOTLE
The ____ is characterized by moral virtues such as justice and courage.
rational soul
“the self has an immortal soul”
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
The measure of love is to love without measure
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
HAS 2 REALMS OF THOUGHTS:
- God as the source of all reality and truth.
- The sinfulness of man
ST. AUGUSTINE
Self-presentation leading to ___
self-realization
ST. AUGUSTINE
One transforms as he struggles in both____, to ultimately achieve happiness specifically found in God’s love.
body and soul
→ Stressed that the mind is superior over the body
ST. AUGUSTINE
ST. AUGUSTINE
Understanding the self and the formation of identity is achieved through
introspection
ST. AUGUSTINE
→ Humankind is created in the image and likeness of God. Everything God created is all ___. Human person is always geared towards the good.
good
→ Convinced that the self is known only through knowing God.
ST. AUGUSTINE
ST. AUGUSTINE
____ is a consequence of knowledge of God.
Self-knowledge
→ For him, the truth refers to the truth of knowing God.
ST. AUGUSTINE
ST. AUGUSTINE
God is ____ (beyond physical human experience) and the self seeks to be united with God through faith and reason.
transcendent
→ Develops a fundamental concept of human person, “I am doubting, therefore I am
ST. AUGUSTINE
ST. AUGUSTINE
God is love and He created humans for them to also love. BUT problems arise because of the ___ humans choose to love.
objects
ST. AUGUSTINE
→ ____ results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.
Disordered love
ST. AUGUSTINE
→ ____ results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.
Disordered love
ST. AUGUSTINE
→ Love of physical objects leads to the ___.
sin of greed
ST. AUGUSTINE
→ Love for people is not lasting and excessive love for them is the ____.
sin of jealousy
ST. AUGUSTINE
→ Love for the self leads to the ____
sin of pride.
ST. AUGUSTINE
Love for _____ is the supreme virtue and through loving ___ can man find real happiness.
God
All things are worthy to love but they must be loved properly. If man loves God, first, and everything else to a lesser degree then all will fall into rightful place.
THE ROLE OF LOVE
WHY DOES SELF-KNOWLEDGE MATTER
It offers us a route to greater happiness and fulfillment
“I think therefore I am”
RENÉ DESCARTES
The soul and the body can function without the other.
RENÉ DESCARTES
RENÉ DESCARTES
What do I think therefore I am in latin?
Cogito Ergo Sum
RENÉ DESCARTES
The _____ – of being self-conscious – is in itself proof that there is a self.
act of thinking about the self
RENÉ DESCARTES
is the keystone of his beliefs.
Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)
RENÉ DESCARTES
is the keystone of his beliefs.
Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)
RENÉ DESCARTES
“I think, therefore I am” means that if you are able to doubt, question, or think about anything, then you must exist.
The very act of thinking proves that you are a ?
real, conscious being.
RENÉ DESCARTES
Even if everything else could be an illusion or a trick, the fact that you are able to doubt or think shows that you?
definitely exist.
RENÉ DESCARTES:
The essence of _____ is a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons
human self
The Self as a Physical Body or The Self as Thinking Entity
Nonmaterial, immortal, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of the universe. (thinks, reasons, doubts, and engages in intellectual activities)
The Self as Thinking Entity
The Self as a Physical Body or The Self as Thinking Entity
Material, mortal, fully governed by the laws of nature (This dimension encompasses the entire material world, including bodies, objects, and the physical environment. Unlike the mind, which is immaterial, the extended substance is characterized by its spatial properties, such as size, shape, and location)
The Self as a Physical Body: m
RENÉ DESCARTES
→ MIND-BODY PROBLEM:
o The soul and the body can function (with/without) the other.
without
RENÉ DESCARTES
→ MIND-BODY PROBLEM:
___(ily) processes are mechanical. The____ is like a machine that is controlled by the will and aided by the mind.
body
“the self is consciousness”
JOHN LOCKE
Personal Identity
JOHN LOCKE
JOHN LOCKE
(at birth, the mind is a blank slate without innate ideas, and it is experience that provides us knowledge provided by sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and reflections)
Tabula Rasa
JOHN LOCKE
(at birth, the mind is a ___ without innate ideas, and it is experience that provides us knowledge provided by sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and reflections)
blank slate
JOHN LOCKE
____ results from ideas produced by objects that were experienced.
Knowledge
JOHN LOCKE
Wherein objects are experienced through the senses
o Reflection: the mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover the relationships that may exists between them. (Reflection involves the mind’s ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike sensation, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes. It allows us to think about our thoughts, reason, and contemplate abstract concepts)
Sensation
JOHN LOCKE
The mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover the relationships that may exists between them.
Reflection
TRUE or FALSE
Sensation involves the mind’s ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike reflection, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes. It allows us to think about our thoughts, reason, and contemplate abstract concepts)
FALSE
REFLECTION involves the mind’s ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike SENSATION, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes.
“there is no self”
DAVID HUME
DAVID HUME
The self is the ____ of the mind
Perception
bundle theory
DAVID HUME
The mind receives materials from the senses and calls it ____.
perceptions
DAVID HUME
→ TWO (2) TYPES OF PERCEPTIONS:
Impression and Ideas
DAVID HUME
Basic sensations such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold and heat
Impressions
DAVID HUME
Thoughts and images from impressions, less lively and vivid
Ideas
DAVID HUME
People have no experience of a simple and individual impression that they can call self where the self is the totality of a person’s conscious life.
Skeptical claim
DAVID HUME
The idea of personal identity is the result of ____.
imagination
“we construct our self”
IMMANUEL KANT
Respect for self
IMMANUEL KANT
Combined the idea of Rationalism (knowledge through reasoning) and Empiricism (knowledge through senses)
IMMANUEL KANT
Defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense experience.
IMMANUEL KANT
IMMANUEL KANT
Believes that human experiences make up our ____
persona
IMMANUEL KANT
The development of ____ and the self is a result of unique human experiences as it forges significant learning with the person.
individuality
IMMANUEL KANT
The ___ is the one organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions.
self
He believed that those bundles of sensory impressions imply a unity of the self without which there would be no knowledge of experience.
IMMANUEL KANT
IMMANUEL KANT
→ A self must exist: if not, there could be ____
no memory or knowledge
IMMANUEL KANT
Pertains to the experience of the self and its unity with objects - transcendental idealism,” distinguishing between phenomena (things as they appear) and noumena (things as they are in themselves)
Transcendental Self / Apperception
IMMANUEL KANT
All objects of knowledge are ____.
phenomenal
IMMANUEL KANT
✓ The path to true knowledge:
Rationalism & Transcendental
IMMANUEL KANT
_____ (knowledge through reason) + _____ (knowledge through senses)
Rationalism, Empiricism
IMMANUEL KANT
(going beyond human experience) - it is the realization that you are one small part of a greater whole, and acting accordingly.
Transcendental Self
WHY DOES SELF-KNOWLEDGE MATTER?
A lack of self-knowledge leaves you open to accident and mistaken ambitions.
“the self is the way people behave”
GILBERT RYLE
The self is a pattern of behavior.
GILBERT RYLE
GILBERT RYLE
The ____ is a pattern of behavior, tendency to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.
self
I Act Therefore I Am = The self is the same as bodily behavior.
GILBERT RYLE
Convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the self.
GILBERT RYLE
GILBERT RYLE
→ TWO (2) TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Knowing That
Knowing How
GILBERT RYLE
knowing facts or information
Knowing That:
GILBERT RYLE
using facts/information in the performance of some skill or technical abilities
Knowing How
“the self is the brain”
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
PAUL CHURCHLAND
The self is inseparable from the brain and the body.
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
PAUL CHURCHLAND
The self is inseparable from the brain and the body. If there is no brain, there is no self.
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
PAUL CHURCHLAND
→ Dissatisfied with the particular approach of philosophers; coined the term neurophilosophy or the study of philosophy of the mine, the philosophy of science, neuroscience, and psychology.
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND
→ Studies greatly focus on the workings of the brain
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND
→ The self is inseparable from the brain and the body.
→ If there is no brain, there is no self.
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND
→ The ____ gives the people the sense of self.
physical brain
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND
____ states that the self is real, that it is a tool that helps the person tune-in to the realities of the brain and the extant reality.
Neurophilosophy
“the self is embodied subjectivity”
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
Argues that all knowledge about the self is based on the ‘phenomena’ of experience.
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
The mind and the body are unified, not separate
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
Argues that all knowledge about the self is based on the ‘phenomena’ of experience. a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
The mind and the body are unified, not separate
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
The mind and the body are unified, not separate
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
→ Everything that people are aware of is contained within the ______ (a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring conscious ideas and physical
behavior).
consciousness
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
→ Everything that people are aware of is contained within the ______ (a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring conscious ideas and physical
behavior).
consciousness
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
___ is not merely a consequence of sensory experience, rather, it is a conscious experience.
Perception
→ Action is required in the formation of self-perception as well as self-concept.
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
