Module 2.1 The Self from Philosophical Perspectives Flashcards by Anndrealyn Ramos

employs the inquisitive mind to discover the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of everything.

Philosophy

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It goes beyond scientific investigation by exploring all areas of knowledge such as religion, psychology, politics, physics and even medicine.

Philosophy

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Philia means?

Love

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Sophia means?

Wisdom

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“An unexamined life is not worth living.

Socrates

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Know Yourself

Tells each man to bring his inner self to light

Socrates

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one has to self-examine and discuss about the self as this is a duty to achieve what is the greatest good to a life.

Socratic Method

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It is the goal of Socrative perspective to better the quality of human life through consistent self-examination.

Socratic method

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SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)

PERSPECTIVE ON THE SELF:

self is synonymous to the soul

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SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)

Believed on two (2) dichotomous realms:

physical and ideal realms

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is changeable, transient, and imperfect. The body belongs to the ___ realm.

Physical

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The ___ realm is unchanging, eternal, and immortal. The intellectual essences of the universe, concepts such as truth, goodness and beauty belong to the ____ realm, so as the soul.

Ideal

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The ___ strives for wisdom and perfection, and reason through question and answer is the soul’s tool to achieve this exalted state.

soul

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For him, an individual can only be happy and have a meaningful life if s/he becomes virtuous and knows his/her value by means of soul-searching.

SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)

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One must begin at the source of all knowledge and significance

– the self

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The key to virtuous life:

constant self-examination/introspection.

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“The self is an immortal soul.”

PLATO

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The ideal self, the perfect self

Plato

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Man was all-knowing before he came to be born into this world.

Plato

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Plato conceives of the soul as having
(at least) three parts:

1.a rational part
2.a spirited part
3.an appetitive part

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(the part that loves truth, which should rule over the other parts of the soul through the use of reason),

Rational part

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which loves honor and victory

Spirited part

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which desires food, drink, and sex

Appetitive part

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can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their Reason is in control of their Spirits and Appetites.

Genuine Happiness

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PLATO is the force that paves way for all beings to ascent to higher stages of self-realization and perfection.

Love

PLATO Love begins in the experience that there is something ____. Then it drives that person to seek what is ___.

lacking

PLATO is the way of knowing and realizing the truth. It is a process of seeking higher stages of being.

Love

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC) THREE-PART SOUL IDEA:

Reason, Physical Appetite, and Spirit/Passion

PLATO think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths

Reason

PLATO basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire

Physical appetite

PLATO basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy.

Spirit/Passion

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC) THEORY OF FORMS

World of Forms (Non-Physical Ideas): permanent and real World of Sense (Reality): temporary and only a replica of the ideal world.

He claims that the sensible world is dependent on the ideal world where the concept of the soul belongs. Since the soul is regarded as something permanent, man should give more importance to it than the physical body which resides in the world of sense.

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)

PLATO is the force that paves way for all beings to ascent to higher stages of self-realization and perfection.

Love

PLATO Lifelong longing and pursuit seek even higher stages of love which lead to the possession of _____. It is this pursuit that motivates man and transforms people and societies.

absolute beauty

“the soul is the essence of the self.”

Aristotle

“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.”

Aristotle

Suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in self-actualization, is to lead a good, flourishing and fulfilling life.

Aristotle

ARISTOTLE The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing ___

virtuous actions.

ARISTOTLE Believes that the ____ is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.

Soul

→ For him, anything with life has a soul. → Humans differ because of their rational capacity.

ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF (384-322BC)

ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF (384-322BC) THREE KINDS OF SOUL:

o VEGETATIVE SOUL: o SENTIENT SOUL: o RATIONAL SOUL:

ARISTOTLE - What soul? physical body that can grow

VEGETATIVE SOUL

ARISTOTLE - What soul? sensual desires, feelings, and emotions

SENTIENT SOUL

ARISTOTLE He suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in self-actualization, is to lead a ____.

good, flourishing and fulfilling life

ARISTOTLE The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing ____ actions.

virtuous

ARISTOTLE The ____ is characterized by moral virtues such as justice and courage.

rational soul

“the self has an immortal soul”

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

The measure of love is to love without measure

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO HAS 2 REALMS OF THOUGHTS:

1. God as the source of all reality and truth. 2. The sinfulness of man

ST. AUGUSTINE Self-presentation leading to ___

self-realization

ST. AUGUSTINE One transforms as he struggles in both____, to ultimately achieve happiness specifically found in God’s love.

body and soul

→ Stressed that the mind is superior over the body

ST. AUGUSTINE

ST. AUGUSTINE Understanding the self and the formation of identity is achieved through

introspection

ST. AUGUSTINE → Humankind is created in the image and likeness of God. Everything God created is all ___. Human person is always geared towards the good.

good

→ Convinced that the self is known only through knowing God.

ST. AUGUSTINE

ST. AUGUSTINE ____ is a consequence of knowledge of God.

Self-knowledge

→ For him, the truth refers to the truth of knowing God.

ST. AUGUSTINE

ST. AUGUSTINE God is ____ (beyond physical human experience) and the self seeks to be united with God through faith and reason.

transcendent

→ Develops a fundamental concept of human person, “I am doubting, therefore I am

ST. AUGUSTINE

ST. AUGUSTINE God is love and He created humans for them to also love. BUT problems arise because of the ___ humans choose to love.

objects

ST. AUGUSTINE → ____ results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.

Disordered love

ST. AUGUSTINE → ____ results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.

Disordered love

ST. AUGUSTINE → Love of physical objects leads to the ___.

sin of greed

ST. AUGUSTINE → Love for people is not lasting and excessive love for them is the ____.

sin of jealousy

ST. AUGUSTINE → Love for the self leads to the ____

sin of pride.

ST. AUGUSTINE Love for _____ is the supreme virtue and through loving ___ can man find real happiness.

God

All things are worthy to love but they must be loved properly. If man loves God, first, and everything else to a lesser degree then all will fall into rightful place.

THE ROLE OF LOVE

WHY DOES SELF-KNOWLEDGE MATTER

It offers us a route to greater happiness and fulfillment

“I think therefore I am”

RENÉ DESCARTES

The soul and the body can function without the other.

RENÉ DESCARTES

RENÉ DESCARTES What do I think therefore I am in latin?

Cogito Ergo Sum

RENÉ DESCARTES The _____ – of being self-conscious – is in itself proof that there is a self.

act of thinking about the self

RENÉ DESCARTES is the keystone of his beliefs.

Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)

RENÉ DESCARTES is the keystone of his beliefs.

Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)

RENÉ DESCARTES "I think, therefore I am" means that if you are able to doubt, question, or think about anything, then you must exist. The very act of thinking proves that you are a ?

real, conscious being.

RENÉ DESCARTES Even if everything else could be an illusion or a trick, the fact that you are able to doubt or think shows that you?

definitely exist.

RENÉ DESCARTES: The essence of _____ is a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons

human self

The Self as a Physical Body or The Self as Thinking Entity Nonmaterial, immortal, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of the universe. (thinks, reasons, doubts, and engages in intellectual activities)

The Self as Thinking Entity

The Self as a Physical Body or The Self as Thinking Entity Material, mortal, fully governed by the laws of nature (This dimension encompasses the entire material world, including bodies, objects, and the physical environment. Unlike the mind, which is immaterial, the extended substance is characterized by its spatial properties, such as size, shape, and location)

The Self as a Physical Body: m

RENÉ DESCARTES → MIND-BODY PROBLEM: o The soul and the body can function (with/without) the other.

without

RENÉ DESCARTES → MIND-BODY PROBLEM: ___(ily) processes are mechanical. The____ is like a machine that is controlled by the will and aided by the mind.

body

“the self is consciousness”

JOHN LOCKE

Personal Identity

JOHN LOCKE

JOHN LOCKE (at birth, the mind is a blank slate without innate ideas, and it is experience that provides us knowledge provided by sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and reflections)

Tabula Rasa

JOHN LOCKE (at birth, the mind is a ___ without innate ideas, and it is experience that provides us knowledge provided by sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and reflections)

blank slate

JOHN LOCKE ____ results from ideas produced by objects that were experienced.

Knowledge

JOHN LOCKE Wherein objects are experienced through the senses o Reflection: the mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover the relationships that may exists between them. (Reflection involves the mind's ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike sensation, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes. It allows us to think about our thoughts, reason, and contemplate abstract concepts)

Sensation

JOHN LOCKE The mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover the relationships that may exists between them.

Reflection

TRUE or FALSE Sensation involves the mind's ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike reflection, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes. It allows us to think about our thoughts, reason, and contemplate abstract concepts)

FALSE REFLECTION involves the mind's ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike SENSATION, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes.

“there is no self”

DAVID HUME

DAVID HUME The self is the ____ of the mind Perception

bundle theory

DAVID HUME The mind receives materials from the senses and calls it ____.

perceptions

DAVID HUME → TWO (2) TYPES OF PERCEPTIONS:

Impression and Ideas

DAVID HUME Basic sensations such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold and heat

Impressions

DAVID HUME Thoughts and images from impressions, less lively and vivid

Ideas

DAVID HUME People have no experience of a simple and individual impression that they can call self where the self is the totality of a person’s conscious life.

Skeptical claim

DAVID HUME The idea of personal identity is the result of ____.

imagination

“we construct our self”

IMMANUEL KANT

Respect for self

IMMANUEL KANT

Combined the idea of Rationalism (knowledge through reasoning) and Empiricism (knowledge through senses)

IMMANUEL KANT

Defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense experience.

IMMANUEL KANT

IMMANUEL KANT Believes that human experiences make up our ____

persona

IMMANUEL KANT The development of ____ and the self is a result of unique human experiences as it forges significant learning with the person.

individuality

IMMANUEL KANT The ___ is the one organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions.

self

He believed that those bundles of sensory impressions imply a unity of the self without which there would be no knowledge of experience.

IMMANUEL KANT

IMMANUEL KANT → A self must exist: if not, there could be ____

no memory or knowledge

IMMANUEL KANT Pertains to the experience of the self and its unity with objects - transcendental idealism,” distinguishing between phenomena (things as they appear) and noumena (things as they are in themselves)

Transcendental Self / Apperception

IMMANUEL KANT All objects of knowledge are ____.

phenomenal

IMMANUEL KANT ✓ The path to true knowledge:

Rationalism & Transcendental

IMMANUEL KANT _____ (knowledge through reason) + _____ (knowledge through senses)

Rationalism, Empiricism

IMMANUEL KANT (going beyond human experience) - it is the realization that you are one small part of a greater whole, and acting accordingly.

Transcendental Self

WHY DOES SELF-KNOWLEDGE MATTER?

A lack of self-knowledge leaves you open to accident and mistaken ambitions.

“the self is the way people behave”

GILBERT RYLE

The self is a pattern of behavior.

GILBERT RYLE

GILBERT RYLE The ____ is a pattern of behavior, tendency to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.

self

I Act Therefore I Am = The self is the same as bodily behavior.

GILBERT RYLE

Convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the self.

GILBERT RYLE

GILBERT RYLE → TWO (2) TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

Knowing That Knowing How

GILBERT RYLE knowing facts or information

Knowing That:

GILBERT RYLE using facts/information in the performance of some skill or technical abilities

Knowing How

“the self is the brain”