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UTS > Module 2.1 The Self from Philosophical Perspectives > Flashcards

Module 2.1 The Self from Philosophical Perspectives Flashcards

1
Q

employs the inquisitive mind to discover the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of everything.

A

Philosophy

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2
Q

It goes beyond scientific investigation by exploring all areas of knowledge such as religion, psychology, politics, physics and even medicine.

A

Philosophy

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3
Q

Philia means?

A

Love

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4
Q

Sophia means?

A

Wisdom

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5
Q

“An unexamined life is not worth living.

A

Socrates

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6
Q

Know Yourself

Tells each man to bring his inner self to light

A

Socrates

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7
Q

one has to self-examine and discuss about the self as this is a duty to achieve what is the greatest good to a life.

A

Socratic Method

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8
Q

It is the goal of Socrative perspective to better the quality of human life through consistent self-examination.

A

Socratic method

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9
Q

SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)

PERSPECTIVE ON THE SELF:

A

self is synonymous to the soul

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10
Q

SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)

Believed on two (2) dichotomous realms:

A

physical and ideal realms

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11
Q

is changeable, transient, and imperfect. The body belongs to the ___ realm.

A

Physical

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12
Q

The ___ realm is unchanging, eternal, and immortal. The intellectual essences of the universe, concepts such as truth, goodness and beauty belong to the ____ realm, so as the soul.

A

Ideal

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13
Q

The ___ strives for wisdom and perfection, and reason through question and answer is the soul’s tool to achieve this exalted state.

A

soul

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14
Q

For him, an individual can only be happy and have a meaningful life if s/he becomes virtuous and knows his/her value by means of soul-searching.

A

SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 BC)

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15
Q

One must begin at the source of all knowledge and significance

A

– the self

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16
Q

The key to virtuous life:

A

constant self-examination/introspection.

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17
Q

“The self is an immortal soul.”

A

PLATO

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18
Q

The ideal self, the perfect self

A

Plato

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19
Q

Man was all-knowing before he came to be born into this world.

A

Plato

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20
Q

Plato conceives of the soul as having
(at least) three parts:

A

1.a rational part
2.a spirited part
3.an appetitive part

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21
Q

(the part that loves truth, which should rule over the other parts of the soul through the use of reason),

A

Rational part

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22
Q

which loves honor and victory

A

Spirited part

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23
Q

which desires food, drink, and sex

A

Appetitive part

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24
Q

can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their Reason is in control of their Spirits and Appetites.

A

Genuine Happiness

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25
Q

PLATO

is the force that paves way for all beings to ascent to higher stages of self-realization and perfection.

A

Love

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26
Q

PLATO

Love begins in the experience that there is something ____. Then it drives that person to seek what is ___.

A

lacking

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27
Q

PLATO

is the way of knowing and realizing the truth. It is a process of seeking higher stages of being.

A

Love

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28
Q

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)

THREE-PART SOUL IDEA:

A

Reason, Physical Appetite, and Spirit/Passion

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29
Q

PLATO

think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths

A

Reason

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30
Q

PLATO

basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire

A

Physical appetite

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31
Q

PLATO

basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy.

A

Spirit/Passion

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32
Q

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)

THEORY OF FORMS

A

World of Forms (Non-Physical Ideas): permanent and real

World of Sense (Reality): temporary and only a replica of the ideal world.

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33
Q

He claims that the sensible world is dependent on the ideal world where the concept of the soul belongs. Since the soul is regarded as something permanent, man should give more importance to it than the physical body which resides in the world of sense.

A

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)

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34
Q

PLATO

is the force that paves way for all beings to ascent to higher stages of self-realization and perfection.

A

Love

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35
Q

PLATO

Lifelong longing and pursuit seek even higher stages of love which lead to the possession of _____. It is this pursuit that motivates man and
transforms people and societies.

A

absolute beauty

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36
Q

“the soul is the essence of the self.”

A

Aristotle

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37
Q

“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.”

A

Aristotle

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38
Q

Suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in self-actualization, is to lead a good, flourishing and fulfilling life.

A

Aristotle

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39
Q

ARISTOTLE

The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing ___

A

virtuous actions.

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40
Q

ARISTOTLE

Believes that the ____ is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.

A

Soul

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41
Q

→ For him, anything with life has a soul.
→ Humans differ because of their rational capacity.

A

ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF (384-322BC)

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42
Q

ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF (384-322BC)

THREE KINDS OF SOUL:

A

o VEGETATIVE SOUL:
o SENTIENT SOUL:
o RATIONAL SOUL:

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43
Q

ARISTOTLE

  • What soul?

physical body that can grow

A

VEGETATIVE SOUL

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44
Q

ARISTOTLE

  • What soul?

sensual desires, feelings, and emotions

A

SENTIENT SOUL

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45
Q

ARISTOTLE

He suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in self-actualization, is to lead a ____.

A

good, flourishing and fulfilling life

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46
Q

ARISTOTLE

The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing ____ actions.

A

virtuous

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47
Q

ARISTOTLE

The ____ is characterized by moral virtues such as justice and courage.

A

rational soul

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48
Q

“the self has an immortal soul”

A

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

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49
Q

The measure of love is to love without measure

A

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

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50
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

HAS 2 REALMS OF THOUGHTS:

A
  1. God as the source of all reality and truth.
  2. The sinfulness of man
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51
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

Self-presentation leading to ___

A

self-realization

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52
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

One transforms as he struggles in both____, to ultimately achieve happiness specifically found in God’s love.

A

body and soul

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53
Q

→ Stressed that the mind is superior over the body

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

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54
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

Understanding the self and the formation of identity is achieved through

A

introspection

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55
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

→ Humankind is created in the image and likeness of God. Everything God created is all ___. Human person is always geared towards the good.

A

good

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56
Q

→ Convinced that the self is known only through knowing God.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

57
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

____ is a consequence of knowledge of God.

A

Self-knowledge

58
Q

→ For him, the truth refers to the truth of knowing God.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

59
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

God is ____ (beyond physical human experience) and the self seeks to be united with God through faith and reason.

A

transcendent

60
Q

→ Develops a fundamental concept of human person, “I am doubting, therefore I am

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

61
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

God is love and He created humans for them to also love. BUT problems arise because of the ___ humans choose to love.

A

objects

62
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

→ ____ results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.

A

Disordered love

63
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

→ ____ results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.

A

Disordered love

64
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

→ Love of physical objects leads to the ___.

A

sin of greed

65
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

→ Love for people is not lasting and excessive love for them is the ____.

A

sin of jealousy

66
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

→ Love for the self leads to the ____

A

sin of pride.

67
Q

ST. AUGUSTINE

Love for _____ is the supreme virtue and through loving ___ can man find real happiness.

A

God

68
Q

All things are worthy to love but they must be loved properly. If man loves God, first, and everything else to a lesser degree then all will fall into rightful place.

A

THE ROLE OF LOVE

69
Q

WHY DOES SELF-KNOWLEDGE MATTER

A

It offers us a route to greater happiness and fulfillment

70
Q

“I think therefore I am”

A

RENÉ DESCARTES

71
Q

The soul and the body can function without the other.

A

RENÉ DESCARTES

72
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

What do I think therefore I am in latin?

A

Cogito Ergo Sum

73
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

The _____ – of being self-conscious – is in itself proof that there is a self.

A

act of thinking about the self

74
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

is the keystone of his beliefs.

A

Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)

75
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

is the keystone of his beliefs.

A

Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)

76
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

“I think, therefore I am” means that if you are able to doubt, question, or think about anything, then you must exist.

The very act of thinking proves that you are a ?

A

real, conscious being.

77
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

Even if everything else could be an illusion or a trick, the fact that you are able to doubt or think shows that you?

A

definitely exist.

78
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES:

The essence of _____ is a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons

A

human self

79
Q

The Self as a Physical Body or The Self as Thinking Entity

Nonmaterial, immortal, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of the universe. (thinks, reasons, doubts, and engages in intellectual activities)

A

The Self as Thinking Entity

80
Q

The Self as a Physical Body or The Self as Thinking Entity

Material, mortal, fully governed by the laws of nature (This dimension encompasses the entire material world, including bodies, objects, and the physical environment. Unlike the mind, which is immaterial, the extended substance is characterized by its spatial properties, such as size, shape, and location)

A

The Self as a Physical Body: m

81
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

→ MIND-BODY PROBLEM:

o The soul and the body can function (with/without) the other.

A

without

82
Q

RENÉ DESCARTES

→ MIND-BODY PROBLEM:

___(ily) processes are mechanical. The____ is like a machine that is controlled by the will and aided by the mind.

A

body

83
Q

“the self is consciousness”

A

JOHN LOCKE

84
Q

Personal Identity

A

JOHN LOCKE

85
Q

JOHN LOCKE

(at birth, the mind is a blank slate without innate ideas, and it is experience that provides us knowledge provided by sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and reflections)

A

Tabula Rasa

86
Q

JOHN LOCKE

(at birth, the mind is a ___ without innate ideas, and it is experience that provides us knowledge provided by sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and reflections)

A

blank slate

87
Q

JOHN LOCKE

____ results from ideas produced by objects that were experienced.

A

Knowledge

88
Q

JOHN LOCKE

Wherein objects are experienced through the senses
o Reflection: the mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover the relationships that may exists between them. (Reflection involves the mind’s ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike sensation, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes. It allows us to think about our thoughts, reason, and contemplate abstract concepts)

A

Sensation

89
Q

JOHN LOCKE

The mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover the relationships that may exists between them.

A

Reflection

90
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Sensation involves the mind’s ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike reflection, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes. It allows us to think about our thoughts, reason, and contemplate abstract concepts)

A

FALSE

REFLECTION involves the mind’s ability to consider and analyze its own thoughts and experiences. Unlike SENSATION, which is about external perception, reflection focuses on internal mental processes.

91
Q

“there is no self”

A

DAVID HUME

92
Q

DAVID HUME

The self is the ____ of the mind

Perception

A

bundle theory

93
Q

DAVID HUME

The mind receives materials from the senses and calls it ____.

A

perceptions

94
Q

DAVID HUME

→ TWO (2) TYPES OF PERCEPTIONS:

A

Impression and Ideas

95
Q

DAVID HUME

Basic sensations such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold and heat

A

Impressions

96
Q

DAVID HUME

Thoughts and images from impressions, less lively and vivid

A

Ideas

97
Q

DAVID HUME

People have no experience of a simple and individual impression that they can call self where the self is the totality of a person’s conscious life.

A

Skeptical claim

98
Q

DAVID HUME

The idea of personal identity is the result of ____.

A

imagination

99
Q

“we construct our self”

A

IMMANUEL KANT

100
Q

Respect for self

A

IMMANUEL KANT

101
Q

Combined the idea of Rationalism (knowledge through reasoning) and Empiricism (knowledge through senses)

A

IMMANUEL KANT

102
Q

Defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense experience.

A

IMMANUEL KANT

103
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

Believes that human experiences make up our ____

A

persona

104
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

The development of ____ and the self is a result of unique human experiences as it forges significant learning with the person.

A

individuality

105
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

The ___ is the one organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions.

A

self

106
Q

He believed that those bundles of sensory impressions imply a unity of the self without which there would be no knowledge of experience.

A

IMMANUEL KANT

107
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

→ A self must exist: if not, there could be ____

A

no memory or knowledge

108
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

Pertains to the experience of the self and its unity with objects - transcendental idealism,” distinguishing between phenomena (things as they appear) and noumena (things as they are in themselves)

A

Transcendental Self / Apperception

109
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

All objects of knowledge are ____.

A

phenomenal

110
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

✓ The path to true knowledge:

A

Rationalism & Transcendental

111
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

_____ (knowledge through reason) + _____ (knowledge through senses)

A

Rationalism, Empiricism

112
Q

IMMANUEL KANT

(going beyond human experience) - it is the realization that you are one small part of a greater whole, and acting accordingly.

A

Transcendental Self

113
Q

WHY DOES SELF-KNOWLEDGE MATTER?

A

A lack of self-knowledge leaves you open to accident and mistaken ambitions.

114
Q

“the self is the way people behave”

A

GILBERT RYLE

115
Q

The self is a pattern of behavior.

A

GILBERT RYLE

116
Q

GILBERT RYLE

The ____ is a pattern of behavior, tendency to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.

A

self

117
Q

I Act Therefore I Am = The self is the same as bodily behavior.

A

GILBERT RYLE

118
Q

Convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the self.

A

GILBERT RYLE

119
Q

GILBERT RYLE

→ TWO (2) TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

A

Knowing That
Knowing How

120
Q

GILBERT RYLE

knowing facts or information

A

Knowing That:

121
Q

GILBERT RYLE

using facts/information in the performance of some skill or technical abilities

A

Knowing How

122
Q

“the self is the brain”

A

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
PAUL CHURCHLAND

123
Q

The self is inseparable from the brain and the body.

A

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
PAUL CHURCHLAND

124
Q

The self is inseparable from the brain and the body. If there is no brain, there is no self.

A

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
PAUL CHURCHLAND

125
Q

→ Dissatisfied with the particular approach of philosophers; coined the term neurophilosophy or the study of philosophy of the mine, the philosophy of science, neuroscience, and psychology.

A

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND

126
Q

→ Studies greatly focus on the workings of the brain

A

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND

127
Q

→ The self is inseparable from the brain and the body.

→ If there is no brain, there is no self.

A

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND

128
Q

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND

→ The ____ gives the people the sense of self.

A

physical brain

129
Q

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND

____ states that the self is real, that it is a tool that helps the person tune-in to the realities of the brain and the extant reality.

A

Neurophilosophy

130
Q

“the self is embodied subjectivity”

A

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

131
Q

Argues that all knowledge about the self is based on the ‘phenomena’ of experience.

A

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

132
Q

The mind and the body are unified, not separate

A

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

133
Q

Argues that all knowledge about the self is based on the ‘phenomena’ of experience. a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen

A

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

134
Q

The mind and the body are unified, not separate

A

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

135
Q

The mind and the body are unified, not separate

A

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

136
Q

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

→ Everything that people are aware of is contained within the ______ (a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring conscious ideas and physical
behavior).

A

consciousness

137
Q

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

→ Everything that people are aware of is contained within the ______ (a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring conscious ideas and physical
behavior).

A

consciousness

138
Q

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

___ is not merely a consequence of sensory experience, rather, it is a conscious experience.

A

Perception

139
Q

→ Action is required in the formation of self-perception as well as self-concept.

A

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

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