Module 2 Test Flashcards
____________ are also called saccharides.
a.) electrolytes
b.) carbohydrates
c.) lipids
d.) proteins
b.) carbohydrates
Radiation weighting Wr is associated with:
a.) relative biological effectiveness
b.) oxygen enhancement ratio
c.) linear energy transfer
a.) relative biological effectiveness
Linear Energy Transfer:
a.) is the same for all types of radiation
b.) varies for different types of radiation
c.) occurs only during x ray procedures
d.) only occurs with natural background radiation
b.) varies for different types of radiation
11 Sv is equal to
a.) .11 mSv
b.) 11, 000,000 mSv
c.) 11,000 mSv
d.) 11 mSv
c.) 11,000mSv
For xrays and gamma rays, biological damage is the result of energy transfer during:
a.) indirect interaction
b.) direct interaction
c.) neither of these
d.) both of these
d.) both of these
Which of the following is used as the unit for determining RBE?
a.) tissue weighting factor
b.) quality factor
c.) rem
d.) sv
a.) tissue weighting factor
The random interaction of xrays with matter produces a variety of structural changes in biologic tissue, including:
1.) a single strand break
2.) a double strand break
3.) stickiness, or clumping together of chromosomes
a.) 1, 2 and 3
b.) 1 and 2 only
c.) 1 and 3 only
d.) 3 only
a.) 1, 2 and 3
Lipids are ___________ built from smaller chemical structures.
a.) organic molecules
b.) inorganic molecules
c.) hormones
d.) repair enzymes
a.) organic molecules
Which of the following are considered to be most radiosensitive ?
1.) primitive (immature) cells
2.) unspecialized cells
3.) differentiated cells
4.) germ cells
5.) rapidly dividing cells
a.) 1, 2, 4 and 5
b.) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c.) 1, 2 and 4
d.) 2, 3 and 4
b.) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Which of the following is/are considered low LET radiation?
1.) xrays
2.) alpha particles
3.) gamma rays
a.) 1 only
b.) 2 only
c.) 2 and 3
d.) 1 and 3 only
d.) 1 and 3 only
The possible beneficial effect of a small amount of radiation is called:
a.) protraction
b.) radiosensitizing
c.) radiolysis
d.) hormesis
d.) hormesis
Deletion can occur as a consequence of radiation upon:
a.) an entire cell
b.) an entire body
c.) a chromosome
d.) DNA
c.) a chromosome
Irradiation of water molecules within the body, and their resulting breakdown, is termed
a.) epliation
b.) radiolysis
c.) proliferation
d.) hormesis
b.) radiolysis
The most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the:
a.) protein
b.) ribosomes
c.) DNA
d.) cytoplasm
c.) DNA
When __________ LET interacts, it releases its energy quickly and therefore cannot travel as far or penetrate the tissue as easily.
a.) high
b.) low
a.) high
What is the correct order of mitosis?
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Direct action is more likely to occur with:
a.) high energy
b.) high LET
c.) low LET
d.) sparsely, ionizing
b.) high LET
Proper cell function enables the body to maintain:
a.) metabolism
b.) DNA
c.) Hormones
d.) homeostasis
d.) homeostasis
The primary purpose of carbohydrates is to provide fuel for cell:
a.) replication
b.) repair
c.) homeostasis
d.) metabolism
d.) metabolism
Mitosis and Meiosis undergo the same process until they reach ______ phase of cellular division.
a.) prophase
b.) telophase
c.) anaphase
d.) metaphase
b.) telophase
If restitution has occured, then that means:
a.) the chromatid has restored
b.) a misshappen chromosome is formed
c.) a fragment reattaches to the wrong chromatid
d.) part of the chromosome is lost
a.) the chromatid has restored
Loss or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain can result in:
a.) apoptosis
b.) mutation
c.) double strand break
d.) single strand break
b.) mutation
Which of the following is a product of radiolysis?
a.) hydrogen atom
b.) H2O
c.) more than one but not all
d.) free radical
e.) all of the above
e.) all of the above
Cell damage may be exhibited as:
a.) loss of funnction or abnormal function
b.) enhanced function
c.) nothing
a.) loss of function or abnormal function
Meiosis is a process for dividing ___________.
a.) nerve cells
b.) germ cells
c.) brain cells
d.) somatic cells
b.) germ cells
__________ carry genetic information necessary for cell replication.
a.) hormones
b.) inorganic molecules
c.) nucleic acids
d.) ribosomes
c.) nucleic acids
The indirect effect of radiation has occured when:
a.) radiation strikes a DNA molecule and severs one of the strands
b.) radiation interactions with water to form free radicals
c.) radiation interaction with the nucleus
d.) radiation interacts with water to form bond radicals
b.) radiation interactions with water to form free radicals
Factors that influence the effect of exposure to ionizing radiation include:
a.) cell sensitivity
b.) the type of radiation
c.) the total dose recieved
d.) all of these
d.) all of these
1% of the cell is made of:
a.) water
b.) carbohydrates
c.) proteins
d.) nucleic acids
d.) nucleic acids
Which part of the cell is the protein factories?
a.) nucleus
b.) mitochondria
c.) cytoplasm
d.) ribosomes
d.) ribosomes
Multiple strand breaks is usually caused by:
a.) low LET
b.) high LET
b.) high LET
What can result when radiation interferes with cell function by damaging a cells nucleus?
1.) chromosome breakage
2.) instant death
3.) reproductive death
4.) interferance with function
a.) 1, 2 and 3
b.) all of these
c.) 1 and 2 only
d.) 3 and 4 only
b.) all of these
Cell division in genetic or reproductive cells in which the number of chromosomes becomes reduced to one half the number in the parent cell is called:
a.) telophase
b.) mitosis
c.) meiosis
d.) anaphase
c.) meiosis
Which of the following is not a nitrogenous organic base?
a.) adenine
b.) guanine
c.) protein
d.) cytosine
c.) protein
Cell division by spindle information, the duplication of chromosomes, seperation of daughter chromatids, division of cytoplasm, formation of two identical daughter cells (each with 46 chromosomes) is called:
a.) meiosis
b.) mitosis
c.) halitosis
d.) metaphase
b.) mitosis
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
The average energy deposited per unit length of track
LET
Describes the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LET’s to produce a particular biologic reaction
RBE
The radiosensitivity of a cell is determined by its reproductive activity and its degree of differentiation
Law of B and T
The possible result of ionizing radiation interacting with water molecules
Free Radicals
When DNA is directly or indirectly exposed to ionizing radiation the cell will die
target theory
Alpha particles
high LET
Beta Particles
low LET
transfers instructions from the DNA to the rest of the nucleus
mRNA
