Module 2 (Bones of the Axial Skeleton) Flashcards
How many bones does the skull have and what are the 2 sets of bones make up the skull
22 bones
Cranial bones and Sutures
What bones make up the cranium
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Frontal bone
Single bone, forms the forehead and roof of orbits (eye sockets)
Parietal bones
Paired, form superior and lateral surfaces of skull
Temporal bones
Paired, form lateral and inferior walls of skull
3 landmarks of temporal bones
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
Occipital bone
Single, forms posterior wall and base of skull
What articulates with the first bone of the neck
Condyles
Sphenoid bone
Single, known as the “keystone” of skull as it joins cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every other bone of the skull
What are sutures
Attachments or articulations between the flat bones of the skull
What are the 4 sutures
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous
Coronal
Junction between frontal and parietal bones
Sagittal
Junction between parietal bones
Lambdoid
Junction between occipital and parietal bones
Squamous
Junction between temporal and parietal bones
What is the cranial vault
Dome-shaped bony roof of skull that encases the brain
Sometimes called skullcap
What is the cranial base
Floor of the cranium and consists of 3 fossae
What is a fossa
Depression in a bone
3 fossae in the cranial base
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
What are the facial bones of the skull
Maxillary bones (maxillae)
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones
Mandible
Maxillary bones
Paired, upper jaw bones
Nasal bones
Paired, articulate with frontal bone, form bridge of nose
Zygomatic bones
Paired, form the cheekbones
Feature of the zygomatic bones
Temporal process, which articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch
Mandible
Single, forms the lower jaw
What are the 3 landmarks of the mandible
Ramus
Body
Angle
How many bones make up the vertebral column
24 vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
Divisions of the vertebral column
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5
Coccyx - 4
Vertebral arch
Posterior, extends into the spinous and transverse processes
Which vertebral process extends posteriorly
Spinous process
Which vertebral process extends laterally
Transverse process
What is the vertebral foramen
Canal that houses the spinal cord
All vertebral foramina stack together to form the vertebral canal
What are atypical vertebrae
C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
First and second cervical vertebrae
C1
Two features that are important for articulation with other bones
What are the two features of C1
Anterior arch - provides surface for articulation with the dens on C2
Lateral masses - provide surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles
C2
Main feature is the dens which rests within the anterior arch of C1
Movement of C1
Skull rests on top of lateral masses of C1 via the occipital condyles
Allows for “yes” movement
Movement of C2
Underneath C1, the dens of C2 articulates with the anterior arch of C1
Allows for “no” movement
Vertebral articulations
Individual vertebrae articulate to stack on top of one another
What are intervertebral discs
Act as shock absorber and is located between two vertebrae
What type of cartilage is in between vertebrae
Fibrocartilage - tough and inflexible
What is intervertebral foramina
Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves
Sacrum
Fusion of 5 vertebrae
Coccyx
Fusion of 3 to 5 vertebrae, usually only 4
What are true ribs
1-7
Each rib articulates directly with the sternum
What are false ribs
8-10
Do not have direct articulation with sternum
They join rib 7 to indirectly join with the sternum
What are floating ribs
11-12
Have no articulation with the sternum
Structure of a typical rib
Long, flat, and twisted
Consists of a head, neck, tubercle, shaft (body), and angle
Feature of the shaft of the rib
Has a sharp inferior border which is grooved
Called costal groove
How do the ribs connect with the vertebrae
The head of the rib articulates with the bodies of two thoracic vertebrae
The tubercle of the rib has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of one vertebrae
What is the sternum and its 3 parts
Makes up anterior portion of the thoracic cage
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
What is the thoracic cage and its function
Made up of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, and sternum anteriorly
House and protects the lungs
What is scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine, forming an “S” shape of the vertebral column
Issues with scoliosis
Lateral curvature places the thoracic vertebrae in a atypical position
Causes abnormal development and placement of ribs and thoracic cavity
Can compress the lungs, causing breathing problems
