Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy And Physiology Part 2 > Module 17: Lymphatic System & Immunity > Flashcards

Module 17: Lymphatic System & Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of? (4)

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In what direction does the lymphatic system carry fluid?

A

Lymphatic vessels carry fluid in one direction only – away from the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are immune cells produced within the lymphatic system?

A

Tissues and organs - lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, spleen, and red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Maintenance of fluid balance
  • the absorption of fat
  • immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the function of the maintenance of fluid balance

A

Fluid continually seeps out of capillaries into surrounding tissues. The capillaries reabsorb about 85% of the fluid and return it to the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of absorption of fats in the lymphatic system?

A

Specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestines absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of immunity in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is lymph?

A

A clear, colourless fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do lymphatic vessels have thin walls and valves?

A

To prevent backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of cells comprise the lymphatic vessel walls?

A

A thin layer of epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does fluid enter lymphatic vessels?

A

Between the overlapping epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What anchors vessels to surrounding cells that prevents them from collapsing soon?

A

Protein filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What forms the basis of lymphatic fluid?

A

Tissue fluid left behind after capillary exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In which lymphatic organ do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do lymphatic blood vessels originate?

A

In tissue spaces as microscopic, sacs within a bed of blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The vessels converge to form larger and larger vessels. Periodically, the vessels empty into lymph nodes. What happens in the lymph nodes?

A

Immune cells phagocytize bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What helps to aid or propel the lymph towards the bloodstream?

A

Rhythmic contractions of the lymphatic vessels

Contraction of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two collecting ducts of the lymphatic system?

A

The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from which parts of the body into which vein?

A

From the upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph from which parts of the body into which vein?

A

The rest of the body into the left subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is red bone marrow a primary or secondary lymphatic organ and what is its role?

A

Primary – provide a location for B and T lymphocytes to mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is the thymus a primary or secondary lymphatic organs and what is its role?

A

Primary – provide a location for B and T lymphocytes to mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are lymph nodes a primary or secondary lymphatic organ and what is its role?

A

Secondary – contain lymphocytes that have matured in either the red bone marrow or thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are the tonsils and spleen a primary or secondary lymphatic organ?

A

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are the tonsils found, and why are they found in these particular locations?

A

Back of the throat - guard against pathogens entering the body through the nose or throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What tonsils are most prone to becoming infected?

A

Palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the thymus help to the mature the immature T lymphocytes?

A

Inside the thymus, the cells are protected from antigens in the blood, giving them a chance to divide and mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes?

A

Cleanse lymoh, also serve as sites for final maturation of some types of lymphocytes and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is the spleen found?

A

Upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm

30
Q

What are the four functions of the spleen?

A
  • immunity
  • Destruction of old red blood cells
  • Blood storage
  • Hematopoiesis
31
Q

*Explain the three lines of defence of the immune system

A

First: External barriers (such as skin & mucous membranes)
Second: Nonspecific immunity - Launch the production of phagocytic white blood cells and triggering inflammation and fever
Third: Specific immunity - This occurs when the body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it

32
Q

What are the mechanisms of non-specific immunity?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • Natural killer cells
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
33
Q

What is the role of phagocytes?

A

Cells whose sole job is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles

34
Q

What are the most important phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

35
Q

Where are neutrophils found?

A

They roam the body, seeking out bacteria

36
Q

Monocytes in the connective tissue grow several times larger and transform into macrophages. Where do macrophages congregate?

A

In areas where microbial invasion is likely to occur: the alveolus of the lungs, Liver, nerve tissue, bone, and the spleen

37
Q

How are neutrophils summoned to an infection?

A

By a chemical released from inflamed cells – chemotaxis

38
Q

*Two types of proteins help provide nonspecific resistance against bacterial and viral invasion. What are they?

A

Interferons and the complement system

39
Q

*How do interferons prevent virus replication?

A

Cells produce interferons (alert), bind to receptors of neighboring cells, enzymes are produced within the cells that prevent the virus from replicating

40
Q

*How do complement proteins work to destroy bacteria?

A

Circulates in the blood stream in an inactive form, waiting to assist in the immune response.
Once reaction begins, it continues as a cascade of chemical reactions, with one complement protein activating the next

41
Q

What are natural killer cells and their function?

A
  • Unique group of lymphocytes
  • Roam the body
  • Use several methods to destroy cells - by the secretion of chemicals that cause the cell to die and break apart (lysis)
42
Q

Words ending in “itis” denote

A

Inflammation

43
Q

How is a fever beneficial?

A
  • Promotes the activity of interferon

- High body temperature stops the reproduction of bacteria and viruses

44
Q

In the first stage of the normal sequence of events during a fever - As neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria, they secrete…

A

a fever producing substance called a pyrogen

45
Q

Specific immunity uses what two mechanisms?

A
  • Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

- Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

46
Q

What is an important white blood cell that travels throughout the bloodstream seeking out bacteria?

A

Neutrophils

47
Q

What is an important white blood cell that remains fixed and strategic areas?

A

Macrophages

48
Q

What is the white blood cell that ingest microorganisms?

A

Phagocytes

49
Q

What is the sac formed around a microorganism when it’s ingested by a phagocyte?

A

Phagosome

50
Q

**How does cellular (cell-mediated) immunity work?

A

Aims to destroy foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen

51
Q

**How does humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity work?

A

Focusses on pathogens outside the host cells, sends out antibodies to ”mark” a pathogen for later distruction

52
Q

*What are the three classes that lymphocytes fall into?

A
  • Natural killer cells
  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
53
Q

*Where are T cells (Or T lymphocytes) made?

A

Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow

54
Q

*Where do the T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

55
Q

*Where are B cells made, and where do they mature?

A

Begin life as stem cells in red bone marrow. Unlike T cells, B cells remain in bone marrow until they are fully mature

56
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

Plasma and body secretions

57
Q

Antibodies consist of chains of protein joined in a way that resembles a ”Y” or “T”. What does the unique shape at the end of each arm of the Y allow?

A

Allows each antibody to combine with a specific antigen

58
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any molecule that triggers an immune response

59
Q

Why is nonspecific immunity not an acquired immunity?

A

Because it’s present from birth

60
Q

*What is active immunity, and how long does it last?

A

When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells.

It is permanent, or at least long lasting

61
Q

*What is passive immunity?

A

When immunity results from injection of antibodies from another person or animal

62
Q

How long does passive immunity last, and why?

A

Only a few months. The body doesn’t develop a memory for the pathogen

63
Q

*How does natural active immunity happen? provide an example

A

Occurs when the body produces antibodies or T cells after being exposed to a particular antigen.
Ex. You become ill with measles, body produces antibodies to the particular virus, making you immune

64
Q

*How does artificial active immunity happen?

A

Results when the body makes T cells and antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination.
(Such as tetanus or influenza)

65
Q

*How does natural passive immunity happen?

A

Results when a fetus acquires antibodies from the mother through the placenta, or when a baby acquires them through breastfeeding

66
Q

*How does artificial passive immunity happen?

A

Involves obtaining serum from a person or animal that has produced antibodies against a certain pathogen and then injecting it into someone else.
(Typically used in emergencies for the treatment of rabies and botulism)

67
Q

Cellular immunity destroys pathogen’s that exist within a cell. What are the three classes of T cells that it uses to accomplish this?

A

Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells

68
Q

*What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Carry out the attack

Also called killer T cells

69
Q

*What is the role of helper T cells?

A

Play a supportive role in helping attack

By secreting a chemical interleukin, which attracts neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages

70
Q

*What is the role of memory T cells?

A

Remember the pathogen in case of future invasion

71
Q

*What is Humoral immunity?

A

Focusses on the pathogens outside the cell. Uses antibodies to mark antigen for later destruction

72
Q

In an allergic reaction, if the allergen links two antibodies, what do the mast cells release?

A

Histamine

Anatomy And Physiology Part 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions