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Anatomy And Physiology Part 2 > Module 13: Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 13: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the support cells of the nervous system?

A

Neuroglia

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2
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found and what do they form?

A

– For Mylan sheath in the spinal and brain cord

- Speed signal conduction

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3
Q

*Where are astrocytes found and what is their function?

4 functions

A

Extend through brain tissue

  • Nourish neurons
  • Help form blood-brain barrier
  • Attach neurons to blood vessels
  • Provide the structural support
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4
Q

*Where are Schwann cells found and what do they form?

A

Form Myelin sheath around nerves in PNS; form neurilemma

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5
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

Perform phagocytosis, and engulf microorganisms and cellular debris

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6
Q

*What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Allows small molecules to diffuse across to the brain, but blocks larger molecules. This helps protect the brain from foreign substances

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7
Q

What is the role of sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

Detects stimuli and then transmit information about the stimuli to the CNS

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8
Q

What is the role of interneurons?

A

Found only in the CNS, connect the incoming sensory pathways with the outgoing motor pathways.
- The connection made by these neurons make each of us unique and how we think, feel, and act

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9
Q

What is the role of motor (efferent) neurons?

A

Relay messages from the brain to the muscles or glands cells

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell body (soma)?

A

Control centre of the neuron and contains the nucleus

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11
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body

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12
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Carries nerve signals away from cell body

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13
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

– Consisting of mostly lipid, myelin acts to insulate the axon
- Help speed impulse conduction

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14
Q

In the PNS, What forms the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cells

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15
Q

In the CNS, what forms myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Describe the nodes of Ranvier

A
  • Gaps in the myelin sheath, the current evenly spaced intervals
  • Ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node
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17
Q

What is the function of the synaptic knob?

A
  • Located at the ends of axon terminals;contain a neurotransmitter
  • At the synaptic knob, the action potential is converted into a chemical message which, in turn, interacts with the recipient neuron or effector
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18
Q

when ions with opposite electrical charges are separated by a membrane, this is called

A

Membrane potential

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19
Q

When a membrane has an excess of positive ions on one side and an excess of negative ions on the other, it is said to be

A

Polarized

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20
Q

What is essential for an injured nerve to regenerate?

A

Neurilemma

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21
Q

What is the division of the nervous system that provides for the bodies automatic activities?

A

Autonomic motor

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22
Q

What is the division of the nervous system that carries signals from the organs?

A

Visceral sensory

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23
Q

What is the division of the nervous system that carries impulses to and from skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic sensory

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24
Q

Gray matter appears gray because of what?

A

Lack of myelin

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25
Q

Is it white matter or gray matter that contains bundles of axons called tracts that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

A

White matter

26
Q

The small space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae is called

A

Epidural space

27
Q

List the three layers of meninges, starting with the innermost layer

A
  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Dura mater
28
Q

A nerve consists of many nerve fibres (axons) encased by ?

A

Connective tissue

29
Q

Nerve fibres are gathered together in bundles called what?

A

Fascicles

30
Q

Area innervated by a spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

31
Q

Plexus that innervates the lower part of the shoulder and arm

A

Brachial

32
Q

Plexus that contains nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the neck, tops of the shoulders, and part of the head

A

Cervical plexus

33
Q

Plexus that supplies the thigh and leg

A

Lumbar plexus

34
Q

Largest nerve in the body

A

Sciatic nerve

35
Q

The phrenic nerve, which Stimulates the diaphragm for breathing, is located in which plexus?

A

Cervical plexus

36
Q

What are the key nerves travelling into the arm from the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve, and the median nerve

37
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that covers the spinal cord

A

Meninges

38
Q

The nerves in the cervical region (C1-C8) innervate

A

Chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, diaphragm.

39
Q

Nerves it thoracic region innervate (T1-T12)

A

Extend to the intercostal muscles of the rib cage, abdominal muscles, and back muscles

40
Q

Nerves in the lumbar spinal region innervate

A

Lower abdominal wall and parts of the thighs and legs

41
Q

Sacral region nerves innervate

A

Extend to the thighs, buttocks, skin of the legs and feet, and anal and genital regions

42
Q

*What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Constantly Flows through the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

  • Provides nourishment*
  • Removes metabolic wastes
  • Cushions the brain against minor trauma
43
Q

*What is the role of arachnoid villi in the flow of CSF?

A

The CSF is reabsorbed into the venous bloodstream by projections of the arachnoid mater into the dural sinuses - called arachnoid villi

44
Q

*How is CSF formed?

A

CSF is formed by the choroid plexus (A network of blood vessels lining the floor or wall of each ventricle)

45
Q

A minute opening which carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord is called

A

Central canal

46
Q

Is the dorsal column an ascending or descending tract? What is its function?

A

Ascending tract
- Relays sensations of deep pressure and vibration as well as those needed to create awareness of the body’s position (proprioception)

47
Q

Is the corticospinal tracts(also called pyramidal tracts) ascending or descending tract? What is its function?

A

Descending tract

- Responsible for is fine movements of hands, fingers, feet, and toes on the opposite side of the body

48
Q

Is the spinocerebellar tract ascending or descending tract? What is it responsible for?

A

Proprioception

49
Q

Is the extrapyramidal tracts an ascending or descending tract? What is its function?

A

Descending

- Group of tracks associated with balance and muscle tone

50
Q

Is the spinothalamic tract an ascending or descending tract? What is its function?

A

Ascending

- Relays sensations of temperature, pressure, pain, and touch

51
Q

*What are reflexes? What is the function of the reflex arc?

A
  • Reflexes are a quick, involuntary, predictable response to a stimulus
  • Reflexes employer neural circuit call the reflex arc, which bypass regions of the brain were conscious decisions are made
52
Q

What is the role of the dorsal (posterior) nerve root which enters the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

Contains fibres that carry sensory information into the spinal cord

53
Q

Cell bodies of the dorsal neurons are clustered in a knot-like structure called

A

Ganglion

54
Q

Fibres in the ventral (anterior) nerve roots exit from where and what is its role

A

Exit from the ventral horn to carry motor information out of the spinal cord

55
Q

Because the autonomic nervous system target organs, is sometimes called the

A

Visceral motor system

56
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Regulates activities that maintain homeostasis

- Send motor impulses to cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

57
Q

The Ennis asserts control through visceral reflexes – similar to somatic reflexes, but instead of affecting a skeletal muscle, these reflexes affect…

A

An organ

58
Q

Autonomic pathways employe two neurons to reach the target organ. What are these two neurons?

A
  • Myelinated preganglionic neuron – extends from the brain stem or spinal cord to a ganglion
  • Postganglionic neuron – In the ganglion, it synapses with a postganglionic neuron, here the neurotransmitter ACh is released
59
Q

The sympathetic division is also called

A

The thoracolumbar division

60
Q

The parasympathetic division is also called

A

The craniosacral division

Anatomy And Physiology Part 2 (15 decks)

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