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BHSC 1119 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus

A

part of negative feedback; it is the deviation from the set point

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2
Q

Receptor

A

part of negative feedback; detects the stimulus and sends input to control centre (via hormones/nerve impulse)

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3
Q

Control Centre

A

part of negative feedback; brain; evaluates input from receptor and generates output ( in form of hormone, nerve impulse)

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4
Q

Effector

A

part of negative feedback; body structure that receives outputs and produces response to counteract stimulus

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of relative internal stability; function at optimal level

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6
Q

positive feedback

A

produces response that reinforces initial stimulus; shut off by event outside of system

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7
Q

Disorder

A

abnormality of structure/function

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8
Q

Disease

A

illness characterized by set of symptoms

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9
Q

symptoms

A

subjective changes in body function not apparent to observers

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10
Q

signs

A

objective changes that are observable and measured

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11
Q

aging

A

decline in body’s ability to restore homeostasis

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12
Q

chemical

A

atoms and mlcs found in cell (C, H, N, O)

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13
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells similar in structure and function

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14
Q

organs

A

composed of different kinds of tissues

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15
Q

organ system

A

groups of organs working together for common function

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

1/3 component of cytoplasm; fluid containing solutes; site of chemical reactions

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

1/3 component of cytoplasm; provides support and aids in movement; contains microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

factory for protein synthesis; attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of fluid filled channels running through cytoplasm

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20
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

synthesis and modification of proteins

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21
Q

Smooth ER

A

extending from rough ER

synthesis of lipids and detoxification of harmful substances

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22
Q

Golgi Complex

A

sorts mlcs from rough and smooth ER and sends them to destination
modifies the protein by adding carbs to lipids and proteins
proteins enter/exit in vesicles

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

packets of digestive enzymes; breakdown and recycle old organelles

24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy factory; cellular respiration: break down sugars to produce ATP

25
Q

Proteasomes

A

disposals for cytosolic proteins that are no longer functional

26
Q

Nucleus

A

control centre; contains all genetic info and directs synthesis of proteins

27
Q

Chromosomes

A

found within nucleoplasm; strands of DNA combined with proteins
make up all genes (46 in all human somatic cells)

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

contains DNA from several chromosomes that code for synthesis of ribosomes
ribosomes are shipped out via nuclear pore

29
Q

Plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable membrane composed of proteins and lipids

30
Q

Phospholipids

A

within membrane are arranged with hydrophobic tails facing in, and hydrophilic heads facing extracellular fluid
the hydrophobic tails prevent large charged mlcs from entering cell

31
Q

cholestrol

A

lipid found in membrane with hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions
determines flexibility of membrane (more=more flexible)

32
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

sit in middle of membrane bilayer; contains hydrophobic portions
hydrophilic pores provides route for charged mlcs to enter/exit

33
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

only found at one side of bilayer; many functions such as enzymes

34
Q

Glycoproteins/glycolipids

A

chains of carbs attached to either proteins or lipids on extracellular layer that act as identify markers (allowing cells to recognize each other)

35
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid contained inside body cells (about 2/3)

36
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside of cell

37
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid (ECF) in microscopic spaces btw cells and tissues

38
Q

Plasma

A

ECF in blood vessels

39
Q

Lymph

A

ECF in lymphatic vessels

40
Q

Solute

A

any material dissolved in a fluid

41
Q

Solvent

A

the fluid in which the material is dissolved in

42
Q

Solution

A

variety of solutes are dissolved in a given solvent

43
Q

Concentration

A

amount of solute in a solution

44
Q

Concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration btw two different areas (ICF and ECF)

45
Q

Passive Transport

A

transport without expenditure of energy (moves down concentration gradient (high-low)

46
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

form of passive transport; lipid soluble substances diffuse through lipid bilayer (O2, CO2, N, fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vitamins)

47
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

transport of mlcs by specific protein transporters in membrane
Channels: ions move through ion channels formed by proteins (some are gated)

48
Q

Osmosis

A

facilitated diffusion of water down concentration gradient

49
Q

osmotic pressure

A

solutions containing solute mlcs that cant pass through membrane exert pressure on membrane (higher the concentration of solute= higher the pressure )

50
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

solution in which cells maintain their normal shape and volume (concentration of solutes is same on each side)

51
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

areas with less solute concentration (higher water concentration); causes swelling and busting of cells (hemolysis)

52
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

higher concentration of solutes (less water); water leaves cell faster than it enters; causes cell to shrink (crenation)

53
Q

Active Transport

A 
requires energy (ATP); goes against concentration gradiet and requires use of carrier proteins 
ie. Na/K pump
54
Q

Endocytosis

A

materials move into cell in a vesicle formed from plasma membrane

55
Q

Phagocytosis

A

form of endocytosis where large solid particles (bacteria, dead cells) are taken in by cell; ONLY occurs in phagocytes (WBC macrophages)

56
Q

Bulk Phase Endocytosis

A

cells take up tiny droplets of ECF; membrane forms vesicle containing droplet and enters cytosol
lysosome engulfs solutes; resulting in smaller mlc

57
Q

Exocytosis

A

materials move OUT of cell by fusion of vesicle formed inside cell with plasma membrane; carried out by secretory cells (goblet cells)

BHSC 1119 (13 decks)

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