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BHSC 1119 > mod9 (resp) > Flashcards

mod9 (resp) Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of lungs

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2
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gases at the cellular level

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3
Q

external respiration

A

O2 brought into lungs is picked up by blood in lung capillaries, which gives up its CO2 in exchange

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4
Q

Internal Respiration

A

blood delivers O2 to body tissue cells and collects CO2 from these cells

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5
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures

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6
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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7
Q

conducting zone

A

series of interconnecting cavities and tubes that filter, warm and moisten air and conduct air into lungs

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8
Q

respiratory zone

A

consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs btw air and blood

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9
Q

nasal cavity

A

space inside the internal nose; below cranium and above mouth

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10
Q

nasal septum

A

divides nasal cavity into right and left sides

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11
Q

nasal conchae

A

form the lateral walls of nasal cavity; produces sound as air moves through

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12
Q

goblet cells

A

within mucous membrane of nose; produce mucous to moisten air and trap dust

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13
Q

ciliated cells

A

within mucous membrane of nose; moves air along toward internal nares

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14
Q

nasopharynx

A

connects with internal nares with two openings to eustachian tubes; receives mucus packages which are moved by cilia to the mouth; ***contains pharyngeal tonsils

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15
Q

oropharynx

A

middle portion of pharynx; opens into mouth and nasopharynx; palatine and lingual tonsils exist here; passage for air and food

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16
Q

larynx functions

A

open airway
can direct food or air (Switching mech)
produce sound

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17
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

cartilage that makes up larynx; male sex hormone causes it to enlarge (adam’s apple); epiglottis attaches to thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

other type of cartilage that forms larynx; composed of hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

movement of larynx/pharynx during swallowing

A

pharynx and larynx rise, elevation causes epiglottis to form a lid over larynx so that food will enter the esophagus

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20
Q

false vocal chords

A

in larynx; functions to hold breath against pressure of thoracic cavity (don’t produce sound)

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21
Q

true vocal chords;

A

produce sound; lower folds made of elastic ligaments that stretch btw pieces of rigid cartilage; when muscles contract this tightens the ligaments causing chords to vibrate (**greater the pressure the louder the sound_

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22
Q

How is pitch controlld?

A

pitch is controlled by tension of true vocal chords; lower sounds are produced by decreasing muscular tension (males have longer and thicker chords causing them to vibrate slower and produce lower pitch)

23
Q

trachea

A

anterior to esophagus; from larynx to 5th thoracic vertebra then divides into R and L primary bronchi;supported by stack of 16-20 hyaline rings connected by ligaments

24
Q

mucous membrane lining trachea is compose of:

A

ciliated cells (moves particles TOWARDS pharynx), goblet cells and basal cells

25
Q

parietal pleura

A

pleural membrane that is attached to chest wall and diaphragm

26
Q

visceral pleura

A

pleural membrane that is attached to the lungs

27
Q

cardiac notch

A

indentation on the left lung in which the heart lies (left lung is about 10% smaller than right lung)

28
Q

Pleural sac/cavity

A

a POTENTIAL space rather than actual space; filled with fluid

29
Q

alveolar sacs

A

two or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct

30
Q

where does exchange of gases occur

A

in respiratory bronchioles

31
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 btw air sacs in lungs and blood

A

takes place by diffusion across alveolar and capillary walls (form respiratory membrane)

32
Q

respiratory membrane consists of:

A

layer of alveolar cells that from walls of alveolus
layer of epithelial basement membrane underlying alveolar cells
capillary basement membrane that is fused to epithelial basement
endothelial cells of capillary wall

33
Q

movement of O2 and CO2 in alveoli

A

O2 moves across alveolar wall from ALVEOLUS to capillary lumen, while CO2 moves in opposite direction from lumen across alveolar wall into alveolar space

34
Q 
Quiet Inspiration (breathing at rest) 
(***alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure causing air to enter lungs)
A

active process; contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm; these contractions increase volume of thoracic cavity pulling the lungs open; this cause pressure inside lungs (alveolar pressure) to decrease causing air to enter lungs

35
Q

Expiration

A

passive process; external intercostals relax and lungs recoil

36
Q

breaths at rest (# and amount of air moved/breath)

A

12 breathes/min; each inhalation/exhalation moves about 500ml of air

37
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of one breath (ie. 500ml)

38
Q

minute ventilation (MV)

A

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute (breathing rate x tidal volume)

39
Q

Anatomic Dead space

A

conducting airways that hold about 30% of tidal volume and does not participate in gas exchange

40
Q

residual volume

A

after exhalation considerable air remains in the lungs and airways (1200ml in males, 1100ml in females)

41
Q

total lung capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

42
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

43
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

44
Q

vital capacity

A

sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

45
Q

Partial pressure

A

concentration of gas in expressed as its partial pressure; when its higher in one area than in another, the gas will move to area of lower partial pressure

46
Q

process of internal respiration (systemic gas exchange)

A

at tissue caps; O2 unloads and CO2 is picked up; the pO2 in blood is higher than that in the tissues, therefore O2 enters tissue, pCO2 is opposite

47
Q

factors influencing amount of O2 released by hemoglobin (3)

A

CO2: as pCO2 rises in tissues; Hb releases O2 readily
Acidity: in acidic enviro, Hb releases O2 more readily
Temp: as temp increases so does amount of O2 released from Hb
*** all of these are from active metabolism

48
Q

CO2 transported in blood in 3 main forms:

A
  1. dissolved CO2 (7%) in blood plasma
  2. bound to amino acids (23%) usually bound to Hb (carbaminohemoglobin); high pCO2 promotes formation of carbaminohemoglobin
  3. bicarbonate ions (70%)
49
Q

chloride shift

A

movement of negative ions that maintains the electrical balance btw blood plasma and RBC cytosol

50
Q

as blood passes through pulmonary capillaries in the lungs:

A

CO2 dissolved in plasma will diffuse into alveolar air
CO2 combined with Hb will split and diffuse into alveoli
HCO3 reenter RBCs from plasma and combine with H to form carbonic acid which splits into CO2 and water

51
Q

3 areas of brain control respiration:

A

cerebral cortex, medulla, pons

52
Q

cerebral cortex

A

controls voluntary breathing; holding breath can decrease pO2 and increase pCO2 and increase H; at this point negative fb in medulla will be activated; overriding voluntary breathing

53
Q

negative FB control of breathing in response to change in blood O2, CO2 and H (pH level)

A

some stimulus increases pCO2 (or decreasing pO2 or pH)
PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL chemoreceptors send nerve impulse to inspiratory centre in medulla
medulla sends nerve impulses to muscles of inhalation and exhalation to contract more forcefully and frequently

BHSC 1119 (13 decks)

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