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BHSC 1119 > mod 10 digest > Flashcards

mod 10 digest Flashcards

1
Q

four layered arrangement of tissue that makes up GI from lower esophagus to anal canal:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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2
Q

mucosa layer

A

inner lining of GI; epithelium that is in direct contact with contents of GI tract; also a layer of areolar connective tissue and layer of smooth muscle tissue; folds increase SA for digestion and absorption

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3
Q

submucosa

A

aoerlar CT that binds to mucosa and muscularis; contains blood and lymphatic vessels; network of neurons regulated by ANS–>control secretions

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4
Q

Muscularis layer

A

thick layer of muscle in mouth, pharynx and upper esophagus; consists in part of skeletal muscle that aids in swallowing; in rest of GI it is composed of smooth muscle for involuntary contractions that permit food breakdown

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5
Q

Serosa

A

outermost layer around organs of GI below diaphragm; simple squamous epithelium and aerolar CT; secretes fluid allowing tract to glide over other organs

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6
Q

Peritoneium

A

largest serous membrane of body; parietal portion lines wall of abdominal cavity, visceral portion line organs in cavity

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7
Q

lingual frenulum

A

fold of mucous membrane in midline undersurface of tongue; limits posterior movement of tongue

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8
Q

Saliva

A

99.5% water and 0.5% solutes (salivary amylase, mucus, lysozyme)

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9
Q

crown of tooth

A

visible portion above level of gums

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10
Q

root of tooth

A

consists of one to three projections embedded in socket

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11
Q

neck of tooth

A

junction line of the crown and root; near gum line

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12
Q

salivary amylase in mouth produces;

A

breaks down glucose into disaccharide maltose, trisaccharide maltrotriose, and larger dextrin fragments

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13
Q

food in the larynx

A

food bypasses nasopharynx (respiration) and goes through oropharynx and laryngopharynx before passing into esophagus; move via muscular contractions

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14
Q

three stages of swallowing:

A

voluntary stage (bolus forced to back of mouth into oropharynx)
Pharyngeal stage: (involuntary; uvula seals of nasopharynx, epiglottis seals of larynx vocal chords come together)
Esophageal phase: (food pushed through esophagus via peristalsis)

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15
Q

Peristalsis

A

muscle fibers around bottom of bolus contract, shortening section of esophagus below bolus and pushing walls outward; once bolus moves into new section, muscles above bolus contract and cycle repeats

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16
Q

four main regions of stomach

A

cardia (superior opening of stomach)
fundus (superior and left of cardia)
body (large central portion)
pyloric part: narrow most inferior

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17
Q

4 layers of tissue; the difference btw them in the stomach vs elsewhere in GI

A

mucosa: nonciliated simple columnar epithelial cells

gastric glands formed from mucosa

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18
Q

gastric glands secrete 3 types of exocrine cells;

A

mucous neck cells, chief cells and parietal cells (gastric juices)

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19
Q

neck cells

A

secrete mucous

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20
Q

chief cells

A

secrete inactive gastric enzymes (pepsinogen)

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21
Q

parietal cells

A

produce HCL; kills microbes and converts pepsinogen to pepsin and secretes intrinsic factors (for B12)

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22
Q

greater omentum

A

large fold of visceral peritoneum (Serosa) that hangs down from stomach

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23
Q

what stimulates digestion in stomach

A

stretching of stomach wall, and change of pH (increased); this causes gastric juices to flow and initiates mixing waves

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24
Q

gastric emptying

A

each mixing wave forces small amount of chyme through partially closed pyloric sphincter into duodenum

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25
Q

Gastrin

A

found in G cells of gastric glands; stimulated by peptides in lumen of stomach; causes secretion of HCL from parietal cells

26
Q

secretin

A

secreted by duodenum (S cells); in response to low pH in duodenum and by increased protein products in SI; regulates the secretion of stomach and pancreas; regulats pH of duodenum

27
Q

CCK

A

synthesized by I cells in SI due to the presence of fatty acids in chyme entering duodenum; stimulates digestion of fat and protein; causes release of bile from pancreas and gallbladder

28
Q

Acini

A

makes up external portion of pancreas and secrete pancreatic juices

29
Q

pancreatic islets/langerhans

A

endocrine portion of pancreas; secrete glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide

30
Q

pancreatic juices

A

consists of water, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes; slightly alkaline which inactivates pepsin

31
Q

pancreatic enzymes include:

A

pancreatic amylase
trypsin/chymotrypsin/carboxypeptidase
pancreatic lipase
ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

32
Q

hepatocytes

A

major functinoal cell of liver; performs metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions; also produces bile

33
Q

bile caniculli

A

small ducts btw hepatocytes that collect bile, then bile enters ducts eventually merging and forming common hepatic duct

34
Q

Common hepatic duct into…

A

common hepatic duct–>common bile duct–>hepatopancreatic duct–>duodenum

35
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

permeable blood capillaries; receive O2 rich blood from hepatic artery and O2 poor blood from hepatic vein; delivers blood to central vein then hepatic vein and into vena cava

36
Q

Kupfer cells

A

phagocytes present in sinusoids that destory worn-out WBCs bacter and other forgein matter

37
Q

Bile

A

aids in emulsification (break down large lipid globules) ; aids in absoprtion of lipids

38
Q

Bilirubin

A

bile pigment made from heme; secreted in presence of broken down RBCs

39
Q

Functions of liver (9)

A
  1. secrete bile
  2. phagocytosis by kupffer cells
  3. carb metabolism (breaks down glycogen, converts amino acids to glucose)
  4. Lipid metabolism (cholestrol to make bile)
  5. Protein metabolism (and synthesis of plasma proteins)
  6. Process drugs/hormones
  7. Excrete bilirubin
  8. Stores vitamins and minerals (A,D,E,K, Iron, Copper)
  9. activates Vitamin D
40
Q

3 portions of SI

A

duodenum (shortest)
Jejunum; 1m long
Ileum; 2m long

41
Q

Mucosa of SI contains:

A

absorptive cells that release enzymes to digest food, contain microvilli to absorb nutrients
Goblet cells: secrete mucus
Intestinal glands: secrete juices

42
Q

Intestinal Glands contain:

A 
goblet cells and absorptive cells
endocrine cells (CCK cells (CKK), S cells (secretin), K cells (GIP))
43
Q

submucosa of SI

A

contains duodenal glands that secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic chyme

44
Q

microvilli of SI

A

tiny projections that greatly increase SA of plasma membrane allowing large amounts of digested nutrients to diffuse into absorptive cells; form brush border

45
Q

where does absoprtion in SI occur:

A

most digestion of enzymes of SI occur in/on the surface of absorptive cells

46
Q

Segmentation

A

localized contraction that mixes chyme in SI; food particles are brought into contact with mucosa for absorption; stops once most of meal is absorbed and persistalsis take over from stomach to bring more food into SI

47
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

breaks down starches and dextrins to maltose

48
Q

maltase

A

splits maltose into two mlcs of glucose

49
Q

sucrase

A

breaks sucrose into a mlc of glucose and mlc of fructose

50
Q

lactase

A

digests lactose into a mlc of glucose and mlc of galactose

51
Q

peptidase

A

completes protein digestion; produced by absoprtive cells that line villi

52
Q

Lipid digestion

A

occur mostly in SI; bile salts emulsify lg globules; pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides; end product is fatty acids and mooglyceride

53
Q

absorption of monosacharides

A

all carbs absorbed as monosaccharides;
active transport: glucose and galactose via absoprtive cells
faciliatated diffusion: fructose
monosaccharides are carried to liver via hepatic portal vein then through heart and gen circ

54
Q

absoprtion of amino acids

A

mainly in duodenum/jejunum
1/2 proteins come from digeted food, other 1/2 from digestive juices, and dead cells
enter absoprtive cells of villa via active transport
carried into hepatic portal vein

55
Q

absorption of bile salts/lipids

A

short chain fatty acids: simple diffusion into absorptive cells of villi
bile salts emulsify lipids and form MICELLES which diffuse into absorptive cells and packaged into CHYLOMICRONS which enter lymphatic fluid within a lacteal; bypass hepatic portal system and empties into subclavian vein

56
Q

benefits of fats (3)

A

delay gastric emptying
enhance satiation with secretion of CCK
necessary for absorption of fat soluble vitamins

57
Q

fat soluble vitamin absorption

A

with lipids in micelles and absorbed via simple diffusion

58
Q

water soluble vitamins absoprtion

A

simple diffusion (B12 combined with intrinsic factor via active transport in ileum)

59
Q

four regions of LI

A

cecum (appendix)
colon (longest; ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid)
rectum
anus (smooth muscle sphincter and skeletal muscle sphincter)

60
Q

mass peristalsis

A

strong waves that begin in middle of colon and drive contents to rectum; stimulated by food in stomach

61
Q

defecation reflex

A

mass peristalsis pushes fecal material from sigmoid colon to rectum
distension in rectal wall stimulates stretch receptors that initiate emptying reflex
pressure increases in rectum to do ANS stimulation shortening rectal muscles

Pressure+ANS stimulation opens internal sphincter; external sphincter opens voluntarily (Skeletal muscle)

62
Q

Motility

A

ability of GI tract to mix and move material along its length

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