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BHSC 1119 > mod 11 urinary > Flashcards

mod 11 urinary Flashcards

1
Q

kidney

A

body’s filter; regulates pH, salt and water balance and BP

produces active form of Vit D

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2
Q

functions of kidneys (5)

A
  1. regulate ion levels in blood (Na, K, Ca, Cl)
  2. regulate blood vol and BP (Na/H2O absorption;renin)
  3. regulate blood pH (by excreting H in urine)
  4. Produce hormones (calitriol (vit d); erythropoietin)
  5. Excretes waste (urea, ammonia, bilirubin, creatine, uric acid, drugs/toxins)
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3
Q

retroperitoneal

A

placement of kidneys; against the body wall behind the peritoneal membrane that encloses the abdomen at level of 12th thoracic and first 3 lumbar

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4
Q

Renal bilium

A

indentation through which ureter leaves kidney; where blood/lymph vessels enter/exit

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5
Q

Renal capsule

A

connective tissue sheath surrounding each kidney; maintain shape of kidney and protects

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6
Q

renal cortex

A

outer region of kidney

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7
Q

renal medulla

A

inner, dark red-brown region

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8
Q

renal pelvis

A

large funnel shaped cavity where urine from kidney drains into

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9
Q

urine flow:

A

from several ducts within kidney into minor calyx to major calyx into renal pelvis which connects to ureter

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10
Q

path of blood flow through kidneys:

A 
renal artery
segmental artery 
interlobar artery 
arcuate arteries 
cortical radiate arteries 
afferent arterioles 
glomerular capillaries 
efferent arterioles 
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES (mix)
Cortical radiate veins 
arcuate veins
interlobar veins 
renal vein
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11
Q

Nephron

A

functional units of kidneys; million/kidney; consist of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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12
Q

renal corpuscle

A

filters blood plasma; lies within renal cortex

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13
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

double-walled cup surrounding glomerular capillaries; captures filtrate and passes it into renal tubule

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14
Q

podocytes

A

internal layer of bowman’s capsule; epithelial cells that have spaces btw them to allow passage of small mlcs into capsular space

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15
Q

renal tubule

A

filters and passes glomerular filtrate; as fluid moves through tubules waste and excess substances are added

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16
Q

Fluid passage through tubule:

A

proximal convoluted tubule: attached to bowman’s capulse
Nephron Loop: from renal cortex into medulla (Descending limb); turns into cortex becoming distal convoluted tubule (ascending limb)
Distal convoluted tubule: tubules empty into a common collecting duct

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17
Q

Glomerular filtration (step 1 of urine production)

A

first step of urine production; BP forces water and many solutes in blood across wall of glomerular cap forming filtrate

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18
Q

podocytes and glomerular endothelium

A

forms filtration membrane that permits passage of water and solutes from blood into capsular space

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19
Q

Glomeruli

A

site where filtration occurs (like capillaries)

20
Q

net filtration pressure

A

pressure that causes filtration BP in glomerular capillaries; opposed by blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular capsule pressure
**when glomerular pressure is greater than two opposing pressures (osmotic and glomerular capsule) this forces large amount of fluid INTO capsular space

21
Q

Net filtration

A

glomerular capillary BP- (blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure)

22
Q

how efferent and afferent arterioles maintain net filtration:

A

constriction of afferent: lowers net filtration

constriction of efferent: increases filtration

23
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys/minute; dehydration causes decrease in GFR

24
Q

what if GFR is too high?

A

needed substances pass too quickly and unable to be reabsorbed and pass into urine

25
Q

what if GFR is too low?

A

if too slow even the waste products that are meant to be excreted will become reabsorbed

26
Q

Atrial natiuretic peptide (ANP)

A

hormone that promotes loss of Na and water in urine to increase GFR; controlled by stretching in atrium (more stretching=more ANP and thus lowering BP)

27
Q

what happens to kidney function during exercise?

A

afferent arterioles are constricted more than efferent causing decreased blood flow into glomerular caps; net filtration will decrease as well as GFR (Reduced urine output)

28
Q

Tubular Reabsorption (step 2 of urine production)

A

filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters proximal convoluted tubule; only 1% of water in filtrate leaves body in urine;

reabsorption carried out by epithelial cells along renal tubules and collecting ducts (diffusion and active transport)

29
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

makes greatest contribution for reabsoprtion of solutes: 65% of filtered water is reabsorbed, 100% of filtered glucose and amino acids, and large quantities of ions

30
Q

Tubular secretion (step 3 of urine production)

A

transfer material from blood through tubule cells into tubular fluid takes place along collecting ducts and renal tubules; secreted substances include creatine, urea, uric acid, toxins/drugs, ammonia, K, H

31
Q

tubular secretion maintains blood pH

A

cells of renal tubules secrete H into tubular fluid to bring down acidity

32
Q

angiotensin II

A

produced in lungs in response to renin; increases reabsorption of Na and Cl in proximal convoluted tubule
stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

33
Q

aldosterone

A

produced by adrenal cortex; stimulates Na reabsoprtion in collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule; increase K secretion

34
Q

ANP

A

from atrium of heart; increases GFR; inhibits reabsoprtion of Na and Cl in renal tubules; ultimately lowers blood volume

35
Q

ADH

A

hypothalamus (osmoreceptors detect amount of water in blood); increase reabsoprtion of water in distal convoluted tubule and throughout collecting ducts; increased water permeability

36
Q

PTH

A

released in response to low Ca blood level; stimulates cells in early distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb more Ca

37
Q

urine pathway

A

nephron–>minor calyces–>major calyces–>renal pelvis–>ureters–>bladder–>urethra

38
Q

ureters

A

transport urine form renal pelvis of one kidney to urinary bladder; bladder compresses ureters to prevent backflow when pressure builds up in bladder during urination
***valve at distal end of ureter prevents backflow of urine when pressure inside bladder increases during micturition

39
Q

mucosa layer of ureter

A

contains goblet cells that secrete mucous; transitional epithelium to allow stretching

40
Q

smooth muscle layer of ureter

A

peristaltic contraction to move urine along tube to bladder

41
Q

aerolar CT layer of ureter

A

outer layer; contains blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves

42
Q

peritoneum folds of bladder

A

hold bladder in place

43
Q

bladder capacity

A

700-800ml

44
Q

mucosa layer of bladder

A

contains transitional epithelium which permits stretching and RUGAE (folds) which permit expansion of bladder

45
Q

urethra

A

small tube leading from floor of urinary bladder to exterior of body through external urethral orifice

46
Q

micturition

A

urination; process by which urinary bladder store urine prior to elimination and expels urine into urethra; voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions

47
Q

urination process:

A

when bladder exceeds 200-400ml stretch receptors transmit nerve impulse to spinal cord
parasympathetic impulses from spinal cord cause contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal urethra sphincter muscle

at same time, spinal cord inhibits somatic motor neurons which cause relaxation of skeletal muscle in external urethral sphincter
bladder contracts and urine is expelled

BHSC 1119 (13 decks)

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