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BHSC 1119 > mod12 reprod > Flashcards

mod12 reprod Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

organisms produce offspring by making germ cells (gametes)

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2
Q

fertilization

A

male gamete (sperm) unites with female gamete (ova) resulting in cell containing one set of chromosomes from each parent

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3
Q

gonad

A

reproductive organs; testes in males and ovaries in females; produce gametes (germ cells) and secrete sex hormones

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4
Q

functions of male reproductive system

A

testes produce sperm and male sex hormone T
ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm

accessory glands secrete most of liquid portion of semen
Penis contains urethra; passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine

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5
Q

scrotum

A

pouch that supports testes; loose skin, superficial fascia and smooth muscle

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6
Q

sperm temperature

A

survives best at temperatures 2-3’C below body temp; scrotum maintains lowered temp (testes are raised toward pelvic cavity if it gets too cold)

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7
Q

testes

A

produce sperm and secrete hormones

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8
Q

semen

A

contains sperm and secretions provided by accessory sex glands

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9
Q

white fibrous capsule

A

covers testes; divides each testis into lobules

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10
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

tightly coiled tubule contained in lobules that produce sperm via spermatogenesis

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11
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

sperm-forming cells; line seminiferous tubuels

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12
Q

spermatogonia

A

stem cell precursor

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13
Q

sertoli cells

A

support, nourish and protect spermatogenic cells
phagocytize degenerating spermatogenic cells
secrete fluid for sperm transport
release inhibin to regulate sperm production

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14
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone from btw the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

process of halving the chromosome number to produce gametes (each gamete must contain 23 chromosomes so that 46 will be present in zygote)

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16
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process of gamete production in males; occurs in seminiferous tubules of testis and depends on supporting activites from sertoli cells and T

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17
Q

stages of spermatogenesis (earliest stages further from and final stages nearest to the lumen)

A

spermatogonia–>primary spermatocyte–>secondary spermatocyte–>spermatids–>sperm cells
process takes about 64 days

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18
Q

three stages of spermatogenesis

A

meiosis I, meiosis II, and spermiogenesis

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19
Q

Spermatogeonium

A

undifferentiated male germ cell; contains diploid number of chromosomes (46); after meiosis one splits into spermatogonium and the other into primary spermatocyte

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20
Q

Primary spermatocyte

A

diploid; after meiosis I, two secondary spermatocytes are formed from one primary (these secondary are HAPLOID (23) )

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21
Q

crossing over

A

part of meiosis I (prophase); exchange btw parts of nonsister chromatids resulting in genetic recombination

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22
Q

meiosis I results in :

A

two secondary spermatocytes (n); process begins with 2n and ends with two haploid (n)

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23
Q

meiosis II

A

each cell formed in meiosis I divides resulting in 4 HAPLOID GAMETES that are genetically different

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24
Q

spermatids

A

haploid cell formed form meiosis II

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25
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

final stage of spermatogenesis; each haploid spermatid develops into single sperm cell

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26
Q

spermATogensis vs spermEOgenesis

A

sperMATogenesis- entire process of meiosis

sperMEOgenesis- transition from spermatid to sperm cell

27
Q

Sperm Head

A

produced: 300million/day
head: contains DNA and acrosome (vescile that contains enzymes that aid in penetration of sperm into oocyte)

28
Q

sperm tail

A

consists of neck, middle piece, principal piece and end piece.
middle piece: contains mitochondria to produce ATP for locomotion

29
Q

Where does sperm go after spermatogenesis?

A

pressure from release of sperm and fluid from sertoli cells propel sperm through seminiferous tubules and into epididymis

30
Q

Ductus Epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation; occurs in about 14 days;

stores sperm and helps propel them during sexual arousal by peristaltic contractions

31
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

at end of epididymis; 3 layers of muscle that stores sperm;

conveys sperm towards urethra via contraction of the muscles

32
Q

spermatic cord

A

supports male reproductive system; accompanies vas deferens; contains blood/lymph and autonomic nerves

33
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

carries sperm into urethra; formed by union of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle

34
Q

seminal vesicle (accessory gland)

A

secrete alkaline viscous fluid that contains fructose (for ATP), prostoglandins (motility and stimluate female contractions) and clotting proteins
neutralize enviro to protect sperm
**makes up 60% of semen

35
Q

prostate (Accessory gland)

A

secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid (ATP), acid phosphatase, several protein-digesting enzymes (PSA)
makes up 25% of semen

36
Q

Bulbourethral gland (accessory gland)

A

secretes alkaline substance into urethra during sexual arousal
secrete mucus to lubricate end of penis and lining of urethra to protect sperm passing through

37
Q

semen

A

sperm+ secretions from accesory glands (2.5-5ml ejaculated containing 50-500million sperm/ml)
infertile: below 20million/ml
contains antibiotics that kill bacteria

38
Q

Hemospermia

A

presence of blood in semen; caused by inflammation of blood vessels lining the seminal vesicle

39
Q

parts of the penis (5)

A
  1. root of penis
  2. body of penis (3 cylindrical masses of tissue)
  3. corpora cavernosa penis (dorsolateral masses)
  4. corpus spongiosum penis (midventral mass containing urethra)
  5. glans penis: opening of urethra; covered by foreskin
40
Q

functions of female reproductive system

A
  1. ovaries produce secondary oocyte and hormones
  2. fallopian tubes transport oocyte to uterus (site of fertilization)
  3. uterus is site of implantation of fertilized ovum
  4. vagina receives penis; passageway for birth
  5. mammary glands produce milk/eject milk
41
Q

ovaries

A 
produce secondary oocytes that develop into mature eggs 
produce hormones (E,P, inhibin, relaxin)
42
Q

ovarian follicle

A

each follicle consists of an oocyte and cells that nourish it
secrete E as follicle grows

43
Q

mature graafian follicle

A

enlarged ovarian follicle; ruputes and expels secondary oocyte

44
Q

corpus luteum

A

remenant of ovulated follicle; produces E, P, relaxin and inhibin

45
Q

ovarian medulla

A

contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves; deep region of ovarian cortex

46
Q

Oogenesis

A

formation of gametes in ovaries beginning before birth

47
Q

oogania

A

diploid cell; formed in ovary in early fetal development

48
Q

Meiosis I

A

primary oocytes begin process; starts during fetal development until puberty
occurs in mature graaffian follicle

49
Q

primary oocytes

A

diploid formed from oogania; divide in meiosis I resulting in first polar body and secondary oocyte (larger of the two)

50
Q

secondary oocyte

A

formed at puberty from primary oocyte; begins meiosis II; must be penetrated by sperm for fertilization to continue
if fertilized will split into 2 haploid cells (ovum and second polar body)

51
Q

meiosis II

A

at ovulation (when graaffian follicle ruptures) secondary oocyte is expelled into pelvic cavity and swept into fallopian tubes

52
Q

zygote

A

diploid; formed when sperm cell and ovum unite

53
Q

Oogenesis vs spermatogenesis

A

each primary oocyte gives rise to a SINGLE gamete (secondary oocyte which becomes ovum)
in CONTRAST:
each primary spermatocyte produce FOUR gametes (sperm)

54
Q

ovum

A

haploid; formed from secondary oocyte after fertilization

55
Q

uterine (Fallopian) tubes

A

transport secondary oocyte from ovaries to uterus
after ovulation secondary oocyte is swept into tube and moved via peristalitic contractions and cilia
***usual site of fertilization

56
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel shaped end of each fallopian tube; connect to upper and outer corners of uterus

57
Q

uterus

A

pathway for sperm deposited in vagina to reach uterine tubes (fallopian)
site of implantation of fertilized ovum

58
Q

cervix

A

narrow portion of uterus opening into the vagina

59
Q

layers of the uterus

A
  1. perimetrium: visceral peritoneum
  2. myometrium: smooth muscle; help expel fetus
  3. endometrium: inner; mucous membrane that nourishes a growing fetus; sheds each month
60
Q

vagina

A

btw urinary bladder and rectum; mucous contains glycogen that produces acids; this helps kill bacteria but is harmful to sperm

61
Q

perineum

A

contains external genitalia and anus

62
Q

vulva

A

external genitalia of female

63
Q

clitoris

A

mass of erectile tissue and nerve; capable of enlargement upon sexual stimulation

BHSC 1119 (13 decks)

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